Qualitative Research and CBPR

Question 1

What are the purposes of qualitative research?

Answer 1

1-Exploratory research.
2-Enhance depth and validity of quantitative inquiries.
3-Precursor to implementing health promotion programs.

Question 2

What is a paradigm?

Answer 2

Model, pattern, or example that may be influential in shaping the development of a discipline.

Question 3

What is positivism?

Answer 3

View that serious scientific inquiry should confine itself to the study of relations existing between facts that can be observed.

Objective and tests theories.

Question 4

What is interpretivism?

Answer 4

View that reality is socially constructed because each individual perceives, understands, experiences, and makes meaning of reality in different ways.

Overall aim is to understand others’ realities and relate them to one’s own reality.

Question 5

What are the five characteristics of qualitative research?

Answer 5

• Naturalistic
• Data are descriptive
• Concern with process
• Inductive
• Meaning is the goal

Question 6

What does it mean to be naturalistic?

Answer 6

Lack of manipulation or control.
Data collected in natural setting.
High level of context.

Question 7

What does it mean that the data are descriptive?

Answer 7

Represented in words, pictures, videos, notes, etc.

Question 8

What does it mean to be concerned with the process?

Answer 8

Focused on how it came to be rather than WHAT came to be.

Question 9

What does it mean to be inductive?

Answer 9

Derives general pattern from observations that may eventually become hypotheses.
Ongoing, dynamic, and emerging.
Small to big.

Question 10

What does it mean that the meaning is the goal?

Answer 10

• Perspective of PPTs in main concern.

- Acknowledge biases.

Question 11

What is exploratory qualitative research?

Answer 11

• Gathers observations using naturalistic approach.
• Defines patterns grounded in data.
• Insider POV: emic.
• Context is important: research seeks to provide an understanding based on experiences of PPTs in a particular setting.

Question 12

What is triangulation?

Answer 12

Combination of different researchers, theories, methods, and data sources in a study that leads to a more complete analysis.

Question 13

What is investigator triangulation?

Answer 13

Uses multidisciplinary research team with varied experience.

Increase internal reliability or validity of studies.

Question 14

What is theoretical triangulation?

Answer 14

Use of multiple theories or framework in one study to test hypotheses.

Question 15

What is data triangulation?

Answer 15

Use of several data sources in one study.

Question 16

What is method triangulation?

Answer 16

Use of multiple data collection strategies to answer same research question.

Question 17

What is within-methods triangulation?

Answer 17

Uses multiple data collection strategies from same approach (quantitative or qualitative). Simultaneous triangulation.

Question 18

What is between-methods triangulation?

Answer 18

Qualitative and quantitative analysed at same time and not equally weighted.

Question 19

What is sequential triangulation?

Answer 19

Results of one approach used to inform another.

Question 20

What are four basic strategies of health promotion in qualitative research?

Answer 20

• Phenomenology
• Ethnography
• Grounded theory
• Ethnoscience

Question 21

What is phenomenology?

Answer 21

Interpretivist.

Study of one’s consciousness and the way in which one perceives and interprets events and one’s RL to them in terms of BH.

Understand ways in which people construct their realities.

Question 22

What is ethnography?

Answer 22

OG in cultural anthropology.

Social scientific description of the customs of people and their culture.

Question 23

What is grounded theory?

Answer 23

Method for deriving theory from data gathered systematically and analyzed.

Question 24

What is ethnoscience?

Answer 24

Focuses on RL between human culture and knowledge, cognitions, and perceptions.

Culturally derived classification system that people use to make sense of reality.

Question 25

What are some data collection methods for qualitative research?

Answer 25

- Interviews - Semi-structured interviews - Focus groups

Question 26

Describe an interview.

Answer 26

An interview is a conversation in which topics emerge and focuses on the life experiences of the participant.

Question 27

What is probing?

Answer 27

Interviewing technique where interviewer performs verbal or nonverbal communication in order to collect more information or make interviewee more comfortable.

Question 28

Describe a semi-structured interview.

Answer 28

Open-ended questions that are typically asked of all PPTs in a predetermined order.

Question 29

Describe a focus group.

Answer 29

Interviewer interviews small groups of people at the same time. Typically homogenous groups of people that are strangers to each other. People may react to each other.

Question 30

What is saturation?

Answer 30

When consistent themes are repeated in focus groups. Adequate sample size has been reached.

Question 31

How to analyze qualitative data?

Answer 31

4 steps: - Transcribe interview verbatim. - Organize data into meaningful themes. - Choose illustrative quotations. - Consider using quantitative index of interrater reliability.

Question 32

Why is there a need for new approaches to health disparities research?

Answer 32

- Persistence of racial/ethnic disparities. - Disappointing results. - Community mistrust and reluctance to participate in research.

Question 33

What is CBPR?

Answer 33

- A collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings. - CBPR begins with a research topic of importance to the community and has the aim of combining knowledge with action and achieving social change to improve community health and eliminate health disparities.

Question 34

List the principles of CBPR.

Answer 34

9 principles: Recognizes community as a unit of identity. Builds on strengths and resources within the community. Facilitates collaborative, equitable partnerships in all phases of the research. Promotes co-learning and capacity building among all partners. Integrates knowledge and action for mutual benefit of all partners Addresses health from an ecological perspective. Involves systems development through a cyclical and iterative process. Disseminates findings and knowledge gained to all partners. Involves long-term process and commitment to sustainability

Question 35

What are some benefits of participatory approach?

Answer 35

8 Benefits: - Join partners with diverse expertise and experience. - Enhance recruitment and retention by increasing community buy-in and trust. - Enhance the reliability and validity of measurement instruments. - Strengthen intervention by incorporating community norms and values. - Increase accurate and culturally sensitive interpretation of findings. - Provide resources and benefits to community. - Facilitate effective dissemination of findings to impact public health and policy. - Increase the potential for translation of evidence-based research into sustainable community change.

Question 36

What are some benefits of a partnership approach?

Answer 36

Increase accurate and culturally sensitive interpretation of findings. Provide resources and benefits to community. Facilitate effective dissemination of findings to impact public health and policy. Increase the potential for translation of evidence-based research into sustainable community change.

Question 37

What are challenges of CBPR?

Answer 37

7 main challenges: - Time and effort. - Trust can be fragile. - Inequitable distribution of power and control. - Conflicts arising from differences in perspective, priorities, assumptions. - Defining community, who represents the community. - Defining extent of partners’ participation. - Dissemination of findings in timely, useful way

Question 38

What is the goal of health promotion?

Answer 38

To reduce risk.

Question 39

How should one perform an observational study?

Answer 39

Researcher observes people in their own environment.

Question 40

What is complete participant?

Answer 40

Researcher behaves as though their role is that of a PPT rather than a researcher.

Question 41

What is participant as observer?

Answer 41

Investigator identifies as researcher while interacting with PPTs in social setting.

Question 42

What is observer as PPT?

Answer 42

Identifies as researcher but enters social setting periodically for brief periods to conduct interviews.

Question 43

What is complete observer?

Answer 43

Researcher observes social process without being part of it.

Question 44

What is a CAB?

Answer 44

Community advisory board. Reps of general public and key stakeholders that meet with reps of study.

Question 45

Describe the distilled core principles of CBPR.

Answer 45

3 Core Principles: - Ethical engagement: active partnering with communities so they derive benefit from research. - Community empowerment: enabled to gain control over their lives and decisions affecting their community. - Sustainability: refers to endurance of research, programs, outcomes into clear and translatable plans.

Question 46

What are three subsets of relations in CBPR?

Answer 46

- Structural dynamics. - Individual dynamics. - Relational dynamics.