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Quality Flashcards

1
Q

what are the purpose of ISO standards

A

a degree where a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfils certain requirements

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2
Q

what does ISO stand for

A

international organisation of standardisation

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3
Q

what is meant by a standard in forensic science

A

a document established by a consensus and approved by a recognised body aiming to achieve a degree of order

provides common and repeated use of rules and guidance for activities

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4
Q

what are the 5 current quality standards seen in forensic science

A
  1. ISO 17025 or 17020 accreditation
  2. criminal procedure rules
  3. rules of evidence - admissibility and relevance
  4. common law
  5. professional codes
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5
Q

what is the professional body in forensic science

A

The Chartered Society of Forensic Science

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6
Q

what is a regulatory body in forensic science

A

The Forensic Science Regulator

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7
Q

which is the accreditation applied to crime scenes

A

ISO 17020

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8
Q

which is the accreditation applied to labs

A

ISO 17025

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9
Q

what are the three areas within forensic science that combined represent quality

A

scientific
legal
ethical

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10
Q

in order to have high quality in the work conducts how must an individual act (3 words)

A

impartially
logically
rationally

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11
Q

what standards relate to remaining ethical

A

moral principles and the adherence to professional codes of conduct

e.g from the regulator

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12
Q

what are the 5 requirements outlined by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) relating to quality in forensic science

A
  1. comply with Codes of Conduct and Practice set by the regulator
  2. ensure Quality Standards and Assurances processes are applied and consistent - compliant with the ISO standards and UKAS accreditation
  3. have clear communication and interpretation of scientific processes and the strengths and weaknesses
  4. engage with SFR reporting with correct prosecution requirements
  5. be fully aware and complaint with CPIA Disclosure and Expert Witness Obligations
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13
Q

what does UKAS stand for

A

United Kingdom Accreditation Service

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14
Q

why are Quality Standards in forensic science important

A

without these there is the greater risk of those guilty escaping justice or those innocent being convicted

leading to miscarriages of justice

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15
Q

when is a method not good even though it is based on good scientific background

A

it is not a good method if it is not constantly applied in the same way every time it is used

without these robust comparisons can not be made and their method is unreliable

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16
Q

what are some roots of analysis error seen in forensic science (4)

A
  1. a reliable method but not qualified analyst
  2. method reliable and analyst qualified but method applied incorrectly
  3. analyst qualified but method unreliable
  4. analyst not qualified and method unreliable
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17
Q

what three things make a method used unreliable

A
  1. inconsistent or non existent criteria for conclusions
  2. not rooted by good science
  3. not accounting for uncertainties
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18
Q

why it is often seen that old methods are regularly updated

A

due to technological and scientific advancements the holes in our knowledge are now filled and we understand the processes better in order to make improvements to them

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19
Q

what approach was introduced to mitigate against bias

A

the Bayesian approach using Bayes Theorem

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20
Q

what area in forensic science does ISO 17025 apply to

A

labs

the most important standard for the calibration testing in labs around the world

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21
Q

what can bias and poor quality lead to

A

miscarriages of justice

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22
Q

when was ISO 17025 first used

what is the other term you might see other that ISO in front of the number

A

1999

IEC = international electrotechnical Commission

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23
Q

what was the Runciman Commission

A

Also called The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice
established in London in 1991 by the Home Secretary

the purpose = to examine the English criminal justice system and making recommendations of changes in order increase the efficiency of the system and improve quality

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24
Q

what 4 things is ISO17025 built around

A
  1. a competent organisations
  2. competent people
  3. valid methods
  4. impartiality
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25
what two things has a lab shown it can do to be given a ISO 17025 accreditation
1. they are technically competent 2. they can produce precise and accurate test and/or calibration data
26
what are the two main areas the ISO 17025 accreditation is split into (briefly explain each)
1. management requirements = related to the operational effectiveness of the quality management system within the lab 2. technical requirements = factors that determine correctness and reliability of the tests/calibrations
27
what are the five elements of the ISO 17025 accreditation
1. scope 2. normative references 3. terms and definitions 4. management requirements 5. technical requirements
28
what is meant by scope in the ISO 17025 accreditation requirements
the extent of what the laboratory can do if they intend to extend their scope they need a new audit e.g a drugs labs can't do DNA analysis
29
what is meant by normative references in the ISO 107025 accreditation requirements
rules and detailed instructions with criteria that support the implementation of the standards includes ISO/IEC 99 and 17000 giving basic general concepts and associated terminology
30
what is meant by terms and definitions in the ISO 107025 accreditation requirements
a standardised vocabulary to be used across fields so everyone has the same understanding
31
what is meant by management requirements in the ISO 107025 accreditation requirements (4)
management of systems and documentation keeping control of records actions to address risks and correct them internal audits and management reviews
32
what is meant by technical requirements in the ISO 107025 accreditation requirements (6)
the handling of the test and calibration items technical records evaluation of measurements and uncertainties ensuring validity reporting of opinions and interpretations report amendments complains and nonconforming work
33
what is meant by the term accreditation and why are they useful
a voluntary, third-party reviewed process for forensic services to get clients they must be accredited to certain standards to suggest the quality of their work
34
how often are lab accreditations revised
on a regular basis to ensure the lab is being compliant and has continued technical competence
35
what is expected of a laboratory after they have received an accrediatation/quality standard
they are expected to exhibit continual development and maintain their knowledge on the relevant scientific and technological advances
36
what is the purpose of regular audits in lab accreditation
to highlight opportunities for improvement in the lab
37
what is the difference between accreditation and certification
accreditation = recognition by an accreditation authority that the organisation has technical and organisational competence to carry out a service in accordance with the standards of the accreditation certification = process where a third party gives written assurance that a product, process, system or person conforms to a specified requirement
38
in the UK what is the name of the national accreditation body recognised by the British government what is the purpose this organisation
UKAS founded in 1995 to assess the competence of organisations that provide certification, testing, inspection and calibration
39
what is something that labs use to ensure they maintain quality standards
SOPs = standard operating procedures everything has a procedure and these procedures must be adhered to
40
what is a quality management system
an organisation that aims to reduce and eliminate non conformance to specifications, standards and customer expectations in a cost effective and efficient manner
41
name some areas that would be covered in a SOP report
evidence control review reports proficiency testing corrective action audits organisation and management facilities
42
what is proficiency testing
an assessment of the performance of laboratory personnel using samples that are known to the proficiency testing administrator but unknown to the examinee a measure of individual performance and give evidence of an examiners capability
43
what are the 4 types of proficiency testing seen in labs (briefly explain each)
internal proficiency testing = done in lab by lab person external '' = using commercially prepared tests compared against manufactures validated results blind '' = without the scientist being aware, using mock evidence double-blind '' = another agency submits mock evidence - assess the individual examiner and the agencies overall performance
44
when would a scientist be aware they have undertaken a blind proficiency test
if the work they produce is below the standard
45
what is a type 1 error
a false positive potentially incriminating the innocent
46
what is a type 2 error
a false negative falsely exonerating an individual
47
what do type 1 and 2 errors emphasise the importance of
control and reference samples to check the instrumentation is working correctly and the process carried out by the examiner is correct can identify poor quality reagents or processes
48
what is the purpose of the ISO 17020 accreditation
for accreditation of crime scene examination the international standard for carrying out inspection activities and is more appropriate than 17025 so is used
49
what are the three main areas ISO 17020 covers
examination strategy scene examination crime scene interpretation (evidence discovery, collection, enhancement, comparisons and interpretation)
50
what is the forensic science regulator responsible for (4)
1. producing the standards 2. identifying when there is a need for improved standards 3. giving advice to ministers and forensic science providers to help comply with standards 4. ensure arrangement are in place to monitor standards, manage complaints about the standards
51
what is ISO 9001 what does this apply to
the standard for business processes applies to processes that control the products, services and organisation suppliers to fulfil customer requirements
52
what is ISO 17043 associated with
the operation and management of the proficiency testing schemes
53
what is ISO 18385 associated with
minimising the risk of human DNA contamination in products used to collect, store and analyse biological material for forensic purposes giving acceptable methods and pass/fail criteria for DNA contamination testing
54
what is suggested in ISO 18385 to reduce DNA contamination in forensic products
products used in DNA casework are treated with ethylene oxide this is a toxic gas that splits the DNA helix into small fragments that are too small to show on the DNA profile
55
what PPE is required in DNA labs - outlined in ISO 18385 (7)
full overall hairnet - mob cap over sleeves over boots nitrile gloves facemasks eye protection
56
what is ISO 14644 associated with
the standard that applies to clean rooms considering: air quality benches contamination use of controls sampling review
57
what are the quality standards we have considered (6)
ISO: 17025 17020 9001 17043 18385 14644
58
what is a standard that used to be used in fingerprint comparisons that is no longer used therefore what was adopted
the 16 point standard which proved a match in 1953 1983 is was deemed that a match could be made with less than 16 points of similarity therefore the non numerical standard was adopted in 2001 - it was accepted that for a print to be identified by an officer it can then be checked by another two qualified fingerprint experts
59
what is CPD and why is it important
continuing professional development the need to keep up with information, skills and development in forensic science refers to any learning activity that promotes the development of knowledge - gain CPD credits important in maintaining quality standard in forensic science and one being competent to do so
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