Quality

Question 1

What are the 7 principals of ISO 9000?

Answer 1

• Customer Focus - to meet customer requirements and exceed expectations
• Leadership - leaders establish unity and direction and create conditions for people to engage in meeting quality objectives
• Engagement of People - competent, engaged and empowered people essential
• Process approach - activities understood and managed as interrelated parts of a system
• Improvement - ongoing focus on improvement
• Evidence based decision making - decisions based on
analysis and evaluation of data more successful
• Relationship Management - managing relationships with all interested parties, such as suppliers

Question 2

What are the objectives of the ISO standards?

Answer 2

ISO Standards - Objectives

1. Provide organisations with useful, globally recognised models for operating a quality management system
2. Achieve, maintain and aim to regularly enhance product quality
3. Boost the goodwill of an organisation, could be in form of rise in sales or preparation of company and its products.
4. To create a compliance standard which is followed 24 hours/day, 7 days/week, 52 weeks/year
5. Offer confidence to management and workers that quality requirements are being met and maintained, and that quality improvement is ongoing

Question 3

What are the 4 main branches of a Ishikawa Diagram within Pareto Analysis

Answer 3

Man
Machine
Methods
Materials

Question 4

What are the 8 steps of a successful SIX SIGMA implimentation?

Answer 4

Clarify Motivation
Put Resources in Place
Teach the Methodology
Prioritise Activities
Establish Ownership 
Appropriate Measurement
Govern the Program 
Recognise Contribution

Question 5

What are some of the critical success factors for SIX SIGMA

Answer 5

• Use tools and analysis to choose and
  implement projects for improvement
• Provide extensive training for all and create project teams to reduce waste, non value added activities and achieve cycle time reduction
• Ensure clear lines of communication throughout the organisation
• Set stretch objectives for improvements and control the process to ensure sustained improvement
  -Measure and recognise financial benefits
• Think in terms of key business processes and customer requirements - clear focus on overall strategic objectives

Question 6

From the viewpoint of an organisation, explain what purpose is served by implementation of the principles of ISO9000.

Answer 6

IMPORTANT TO SHOW;
- KNOWLEDGE (stating)
- UNDERSTANDING (explain what, why) 
- APPLICATION. (give examples and reasons to specific situations)
where possible when answering.

Question 7

What are the 5 stages of risk management?

Answer 7

1. Identify Risks - risk event and impact
2. Analyse Risks - drivers, probabilities,
   consequences and loss
3. Prioritise and Map Risks
4. Determine Action Plan - avoidance, transfer, mitigation, redundancy
5. Monitor Risks

Question 8

What are the 10 risk management principals of ISO 31000

Answer 8

1. Create and protect value
2. Be an integral part of all organisational processes
3. Be part of decision making
4. Address uncertainty explicitly
5. be systematic, structured and timely.
6. Be based on the best available information
7. Be tailored to the needs of the organisation
8. Take into account human and cultural factors
9. Promote transparency and inclusiveness
10. Be dynamic iterative and responsive to change
11. Facilitate continual improvement to the organisation

Question 9

What are the 4 risk categories

Answer 9

• Strategy and finance
• Brand and reputation
• People and change
• Day-to-day operation

Question 10

There are 5 levels of risk management which occur in projects, state them in chronological order.

Answer 10

• EliminateRootCauses–identify and eliminate circumstances that lead to risks
  • EliminateRisks–identify and analyse risks and apply preventative action to avoid them becoming a problem
  • ReduceRisks–plan to reduce the likelihood and effect of risks
• React to Risk Event - do not reduce risks but have emergency plans to react quickly
  • CrisisManagement–treat problems that occur from non- identified risks

Question 11

Why do projects have risk?

Answer 11

• Uniqueness
• Complexity
• Assumptions and Constraints
• People
• RequirementsofStakeholders
• Change
• Environment

Question 12

What are the 5 risk analysis tools?

Answer 12

• PreliminaryHazardAnalysis
• What-ifAnalysis
• HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Analysis)
• FMEA
• HumanReliabilityAnalysis
• Tree methods
-Fault Tree
-Event Tree
-Cause and Effect

Question 13

What is the difference between Quantitative Risk Assessment and Qualitative risk assessment?

Answer 13

Quantitative Risk Assessment:
• Measures risk by relating numerical probability of risk occurring to the numerical possible severity of outcome to give a numerical measure (used for serious risk situations)

Qualitative Risk Assessment:
• Based on personal judgement as High,
Medium, Low risk
• Used to determine time frame for action

Question 14

What is Cp and how do you calculate it?

Answer 14

(Process capability) quantifies the spread of the process relative to the specification limits

(USL - LSL) / 6sigma

Question 15

What is Cpk and how do you calculate it?

Answer 15

(process capability index) quantifies both the spread and the setting or centring of the process

Refer to slides for formula.

Question 16

Cp and Cpk > 1

Answer 16

= 3σ either side of the mean contained within specification/tolerance band

Question 17

Cp and Cpk < 1

Answer 17

Cp and Cpk < 1 = process incapable of achieving requirements

Question 18

Cp and Cpk approaching or = 2

Answer 18

Cp and Cpk must be approaching 2 to allow for drift/shift of process mean, safe operation within required limits

Question 19

How do you calculate control limits?

Answer 19

refer to last quality lecture for the slide with equations and examples