Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochem final > Quan > Flashcards

Quan Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

essential for life in all aerobic organisms

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • retards aging in human cells
  • relieves headaches
  • boosts immune system
  • improves physical performance
A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

inert at body temperature

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

oxygen reactivity requires:

A

high heat (activation energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

oxygen is activated at body temperature by:

A

metal ions (iron, copper, manganese)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

loss of elections and increase in oxidation state

A

oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

gain of electrons and decrease in oxidation state

A

reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

partially reduced, reactive form of oxygen

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

most prevalent ROS in the blood and tissues, stable molecule unless reacted with metal

A

H202 (hydrogen peroxide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

most reactive and damaging species

A

OH radical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cluster of atoms, one which contains an unpaired electron in its outermost shell of electrons

A

free radical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1) Reaction of oxygen with decompartimentalized metal ions (fenton and harber weiss rxns)
2) As a side reaction of mitochondrial electron transport
3) Normal enzymatic reactions (formation of H2O2 by fatty acid oxidases in the peroxisome)

A

3 mechanisms ROS formed by

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

occurs when the rate of ROS generation exceeds the ability to neutralize them

A

oxidative stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

results in an increase in oxidative damage to biomolecules

A

oxidative stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

used by immune cells to destroy pathogen, also a feature of inflammatory disease

A

ROS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does ROS damage cells

A

thru pathway of lipid peroxidation, resulting in advanced lipoxidation end products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

one of most sensitive sites of ROS damage, PUFA’s readily react with ROS

A

cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

leads to reduced integrity and function; ion gradients disrupted and asymmetry of phospholipid bilayer (apoptosis)

A

ROS damage to cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 amino acids very susceptible to oxidation by the action of ROS

A

cysteine and methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

most common DNA lesion

A

8-OH-G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

reacts with all components of the DNA molecule, damaging both purine and pyrimidine bases along with deoxyribose backbone

A

hydroxyl radical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

represents the first step involved in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and aging

A

permanent modification of genetic material from oxidative damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

limiting function is important for reducing oxidative damage, but it is also essential for fxn of cells

A

ROS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the cells of what gland must make hydrogen peroxide to attach iodine atoms to thyroglobulin in the synthesis of thyroxine?

A

thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
must generate ROS in order to kill some types of bacteria that they engulf by phagocytosis
macrophages and neutrophils
26
superoxide dimutase and catalase (CAT)
enzymatic defenses against ROS
27
converts 2 superoxide anions into a molecule of hydrogen peroxide and one of oxygen
superoxide dimutase (SOD)
28
converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
catalase (CAT)
29
both dimutases, catalyzing oxidation and reduction of separate substrate molecules; both highly specific for their substrates O2 and H2O2
superoxide dimutase and catalase (CAT)
30
small molecules that are antioxidants; vitamin A, C, E, uric acid
antioxidant defenses against ROS
31
major energy sources in the body?
glucose and fatty acids
32
fuels brain activity, continuous supply is essential for survival
glucose
33
preferred source in muscle, used during initial exercise
glucose
34
stored as glycogen in liver and muscle to be released quickly
glucose
35
long term energy store?
fatty acids
36
supports energy needs during prolonged fasting, unlimited capacity, higher energy source that carbs or protein
fatty acids
37
can you use amino acids as energy source?
yes, during fasting or metabolic stress | -excess ingestion in diet, converted to carbs and stored
38
pasma glucose concentration is the result of?
intake, production, tissue utilization
39
secreted by beta cells
insulin
40
secreted by alpha cells
glucagon
41
insulin dependent glucose entry into cells is mediated by:
glucose transporters (GLUT4)
42
- controls glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipocytes | - most molecules reside intracellularly and no more than 10% in PM
GLUT4
43
in humans, doubles the recruitment of the transporter GLUT4 into the cell membrane
insulin
44
muscular contraction _____ the expression of GLUT4 independently of insulin
increases
45
fatty acids ____ the expression of GLUT4 in muscle
decrease
46
promotes anabolism in the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle
insulin
47
cause of type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance
48
due to inadequate synthesis, secretion, most commonly unable to exert normal effect
insulin resistance
49
receptor binding compromised, mutation in receptor gene, anti receptor autoantibodies, signaling defects in IRS kinase pathway
defect in insulin signaling caused by insulin resistance
50
- mobilizes glucose - increases blood glucose - stimulates catabolism - suppresses anabolism
glucagon
51
a catecholamine, acts in signaling through receptors
epinephrine
52
- inhibits glycolysis and lipogenesis | - stimulates gluconeogenesis
epinephrine
53
phosphorylation usually stimulates enzymes in _____ and inhibits those in anabolic ones
catabolic pathways
54
causes of hypoglycemia:
exercise, fasting, excess of exogenous insulin, isulinoma (xs of endogenous insulin), inhibition of endogenous glucose production
55
high insulin/low glucose; while eating and for several house after
fed state
56
low insulin/high glucagon; while fasting between 6-12 hrs
fasting state
57
chronic low insulin/ high glucagon during fasting over 12 hours
starvation state
58
substrates for gluconeogenesis
lactate, alanine, glycerol
59
major energy substrate during prolonged starvation (after 12 hours)
free fatty acids
60
allows for the recycling of lactate back to glucose, but does not contribute to de novo synthesis of glucose
cori cycle
61
increases as fasting continues
glucose contribution from gluconeogenesis
62
____ of glucose comes from glycogen, remainder from gluconeogenesis
65-75%
63
anti-insulin hormones
epinephrine, glucagon, cortisol
64
drive response to physiological and physical stress (trauma, burns, surgery, infection)
anti-insulin hormones
65
stress response to PRESERVE glucose supply, induces insulin resistance
anti insulin hormones
66
decreased metabolism response to stress:
decreases ANABOLISM (glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis, glucose uptake for more brain utilization)
67
increased metabolism response to stress:
increased CATABOLISM (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, insulin dependent glucose uptake)
68
- develops before age 45 - characterized by destruction of beta cells - inherited disease
type 1 diabetes
69
prone to ketoacidosis and dependent on insulin
type 1 diabetes
70
- often develops in obese people over 40 - involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion - strong hereditary link - ketoacidosis is rare
type 2 diabetes
71
macroanhiopathy is more prevalent (leading to CVD, stroke)
type 2 diabetes
72
ketogenesis is activated, lipolysis increases acetyl coA (to feed into ketogenesis), ketone bodies accumulate in plasma
diabetic ketoacidosis
73
due to increase in blood H+ by ketone bodies, therefore lowering blood pH
diabetic ketoacidosis
74
role of obesity in diabetes
- obesity linked to insulin resistance - when increase insulin fails to overcome insulin resistance, plasma glucose increases - process can often be revered with weight loss and exercise
75
- hemoglobin can be modified by glycation - degree of glycation is an indicator of glucose exposure over RBC lifespan - normal levels is 4-6%
A1C test
76
treatment for diabetes?
- diet and exercise - maintenance of blood glucose - use of insulin for type 1 - treatment with oral hypoglycemic drugs (for type 2)

Biochem final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions