Quant Med II: Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Quiz 5: Question 3

Answer 1

A surrogate endpoint is a physical measurement of a specific outcome which is considered to be a valid predictor (or representative) of the real outcome or final result. In simple words, a surrogate endpoint is like a measurable indicator that can help us know what the real result is.

Answer 2

Clinical outcomes are broadly agreed, measurable changes in health or quality of life that result from our care. Constant review of our clinical outcomes establishes standards against which to continuously improve all aspects of our practice

Answer 3

Composite outcomes, in which multiple end points are combined, are frequently used as primary outcome measures in randomized trials and are often associated with increased statistical efficiency. However, such measures may prove challenging for the interpretation of results

Answer 4

SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE. A planned outcome measure in the protocol that is not as important as the primary outcome measure, but is still of interest in evaluating the effect of an intervention. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure

Answer 5

The primary outcome measure is the outcome that an investigator considers to be the most important among the many outcomes that are to be examined in the study. The primary outcome needs to be defined at the time the study is designed

Answer 6

Differences in survival time for screened and non-screened patients resulting from bias; screening test mistakenly shows survival benefit - detects less aggressive conditions * screening does not improve mortality * Example - prostate specific antigen (PSA) screen asymptomatic men for pre-clinically detectable prostate cancer * "living longer with the diagnosis * Avoided with screening RCTs

Answer 7

perception of being observed will alter behavior of subjects

Answer 8

* two populations are not assessed in the same way * differences in collection and measurement of outcomes between populations

Answer 9

Recall bias is an example bias from errors in the collection of information

Answer 10

differential selection of cases and controls or exposed and unexposed that obscures or exagerrates a causal association

Answer 11

decision to publish study influences by direction of study results, typically negative results (no association or OR/RR = 1.0) less likely to be published, measured in systematic reviews with funnel plots

Quant Med II: Final Exam Flashcards

(118 cards)