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Intro. to Research > Quantitative Research > Flashcards

Quantitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

what is the foundation for the study design

A

prupose statement

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2
Q

what are the 5 main research elements to consider in a quantitative design

A

-are the people in the study assigned to groups
-how many measurements are being used
-what types of measurements or observations are being used
-is there any interest in generlizaing the findings to other populations or settings
-can you conclude that the findings are based on the manipulation of the independent variabel

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3
Q

describe the schematice question and answer dialogue to assess a quantitative reserch design

A
  1. is random assignement used?
    -yes = true experimental design
    -no…
  2. is there a control group?
    -yes = quasi-experimental design
    - no = pre-experimental design or non-experimental design
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4
Q

what is the only design that can be confidently used to identify a cause and effect relationship and why

A

true experimental design
-manipulation of the independent variable to see its effect on the dependent variable

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5
Q

where are true experimental designs typically conducted and why

A

in a laboratory within a controlled environment
-this level of control helps to ensure the studys internal validity (external validity is not as easy to claim)

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6
Q

when is internal validity high

A

when a researcher is confident that any change in an outcome is the results of the treatment or intervention and not other factors

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7
Q

internal validity refers to what

A

quality of the research

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7
Q

what is external validity

A

extent to which the findings can be applied and generalized across situations, populations, etc.

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7
Q

internal validity consists of the control of what

A

extraneous variables

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8
Q

external validity is high when what

A

when the research findings are found in a situation that resembles real-life

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9
Q

why is external validity low in true experiments

A

in the real world there are likely many outside influences

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10
Q

a true experimental design includes what types of groups for participants, and the assignemnt to these groups are done how

A

experimental and control
-method of random assignment

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11
Q

what type of research design is considered gold standard for hypothesis testing

A

randomized control trial

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12
Q

what is randomized control trial

A

a type of true experimental research design
TYPES
-pre and post test design
-post test design only

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13
Q

2 types of true experimentl designs

A

-pre and post test design
-post test only design
-within subjects design

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14
Q

what is the purpose of a pre and post test design

A

to compare changes in the dependent variable between the groups

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15
Q

describe the general process of a pre and post test design

A

-pre test assessement is done on the participants
-they are then randomly assigned to either epcerimental or control group
-after the intervention, a post test assessment is done to all participants
-compare the data from the post test to identify the changes between both groups

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16
Q

what is the purpose of a post test only design

A

to compare differences in dependent variable between groups

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17
Q

describe the general process of a post test only design

A

-participants are randomly assigned to weither experimental or control group
-then post test assessement is done
-compare the data from the post test to see differences between the 2 groups

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18
Q

what type of testing is involved in within0subject desgin

A

multiple testing sessions for each participant
-participants complete control and experimental condition

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19
Q

if participatns are not randomized into experimental or control groups in within subjects design how is it a true experimental design

A

because the order of conditions (experimental and control) are randomized
-either start with control or experimental

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20
Q

what is the purpose of a within subject design

A

to compare the changes in the dependent variable within the same subjects

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21
Q

describe the process of within subject design

A

-pre test assessement done on the aprticipants
-participatns randomized into either the group that starts with the experiment or control
-post assessement done on the participants

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22
Q

what are 3 things that a true experimental design must include

A

-random assignemnt to groups
-control group
-manipulation of the independent variable

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23
Q

quasi experimental design are studies that are sort of what and why sort of

A

experimental in design
-because no randomization of groups but contains control groups

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24
Q

what are 3 reasons as to why randomization to groups might not happen in a design

A

-intact groups
-innate or immutable traits
-unethical to randomly assign

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25
Q

what level of internal and external validity do quasi experimental studies have

A

low on internal but often higher in external

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26
Q

what are 3 key characteristics of a quasi experimental designs process

A

-people are studied in real-world settings
-an independent variable is introduced or manipulated
-there is a dependent variable (effect) that is measured

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27
Q

what are the 3 types of quasi experimental designs

A

-pre and post test design
-repeated measure design
-single participant design

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28
Q

single participant design include what and examines what1

A

-person or small number of people over time
-examine whether dependent variable changes in individuals over an intervention

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29
Q

when are pre-experimental research designs used

A

when true and quasi experimental designs are not possible

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30
Q

in pre experimental research designs what do researchers examine

A

one group of individuals and provide an intervention during the study

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31
Q

what is absent in pre experimental research design

A

control group for comparison

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32
Q

in pre experimental research design, instead of having a control group what can there be

A

a non-equivalent comparison group
-eiter during the study or after the intervention
-non-randomly chosen who get nothing or get an alternative intervention

33
Q

what are 3 types of pre-experimental study designs

A

-one group post-test only
-pre test post test design
-post test with non equvialent groups

34
Q

describe a pre experimental, one group post test design

A

participants are exposed to an intervention and then are assessed on th eoutcome of interest

35
Q

describe a pre experimental pre test post test with one group

A

participants complete an assessement, are exposed to an intervention, and then complete an assessement

36
Q

desribe a pre expiremental post test only with non-equivalent groups design

A

-used after an intervention is implemented with one of 2 intact groups
-both experimental and comparison group complete a post-test assessement

37
Q

what is a feasibility study

A

used to assess whether a planned main study can be done and the practicality of the study elements

38
Q

what is a pilot study

A

type of feasibility study
-small-scale and scope preliminary test of whether the critical elements of the main study will be feasible

39
Q

feasibility and pilot studies can be conducted to improve what

A

the chances of conducting a high-quality randomised control trial

40
Q

pilot studies and preliminary results are requried in many what

A

competitive research grands

41
Q

what are 3 characteristics of a non-experimental research design

A

-no randomization to groups
-no groups to randomize to (no control group)
-no manipulation of the independent variable

42
Q

non-experimental research designs are used to report what

A

correlations among varibles of interest
-cause and effect cannot be inferred

43
Q

often non-experimental designs are what in nature

A

descriptive

44
Q

what ate cross-sectional desgns

A

assessements occur at one point in time

45
Q

what are longitudinal design

A

assessements occur over a period of time

46
Q

non-experimental research designs are ofthen used when

A

the independent variable cannot feasibly be manipulated
-ex:sex, personality traits, agreesion in sport

47
Q

what are 2 reasons why non-experimental research designs can be helpful

A

-can help determine if experimental design is warranted
-can help generate hypothesis for further research

48
Q

what is epidemiology adn what type of design does it use

A

study of how diseases occur in different groups of people and why
-non-expiremental design

49
Q

what is validity

A

degree to which researchs can have confidence in conclusions based on the research they conduct

50
Q

threats to internal valitidy are factors that may waht

A

alter the dependent variable seperate from the effects of the indipendent variabel

51
Q

internal validity can be affected by threats related to what 3 thigns

A

-experimental procedure
-manipulation
-participant

52
Q

what are 2 threats related to experimental procedures

A

testing and instrument accuracy

53
Q

what is testing when it becomes threat to internal validity and what are 2 prevention methods

A

when participants becom familiar with the test
-wash out period (time between treatment periods)
-different measures in 2nd test

54
Q

what are 3 ways that instrument accuracy can be a threat to internal validity

A

-no equipment calibration
-inappropraite use of instrument
-inconsistencies with technique/protocols

55
Q

what are 2 ways to prevent instrument accuracy from being a threat to internal validit

A

-detailed procedures/protocols
-same individual testing

56
Q

what are 2 threats related to manipulation

A

-diffusion of treatments
-halo effct

57
Q

what is diffusion of treatments and how can this threat be prevented

A

any communication between participants that could impact the dependent variabl
-keep groups seperate

58
Q

what is the halo effect and how can this threat be prevented

A

anything that clouds the researchers impartiality
-follow a strict script

58
Q

what are 5 threats related to participants

A

-maturation
-history
-selection bias
-experimental drop-out
-placebo/hawthorne effect

59
Q

what is a way to prevent a threat related to maturation and what is it

A

natural changes in study participants
-measured and account for maturation

60
Q

what is the threat of histroy and what is a way to prevent this

A

event other than experimental manipulation affecting results of the study
-randomization

61
Q

what is the threat of selection and what is a way to prevent this

A

groups are biased on some or many characteristics
-random assignment

62
Q

what is the threat of experimental drop-out and what is a way to prevent this

A

have appropriate sample size to account for this

63
Q

what is the threat of placebo/hawthorne effects and what is a way to prevent this

A

participants react in the way they are expected to react
-single blind or double blind study

64
Q

threats to external validity are what type of factors

A

ones that comprimise the ability to generalize research findings to be used amon other people, settings or tiem

65
Q

external validity can be threatened by interactions between waht 3 things

A

-selection and treatment
-setting and treatment
-history and treatment

66
Q

what is a threat due to selection and treatment interactoin and why is this a threat and what is a prevention

A

when you end up choosing a highly unique population
-treatment may be effetive only for them, meaning it canot be generalized to individuals with diff. characteristics
-prevention: groups with diverse characteristics

67
Q

what is a threat due to setting and treatment interactoin, why is this a threat and what is a prevention

A

study happens in a highly CONTROLED environment, way too diff. from the real world
-challenging to know if same outcomes will be found in real world
-prevention: replication of study in diff. settings

68
Q

what is a threat due to history and treatment interaction and what is a prevention

A

when your study was conducted at a time that is no longer relevant or with equipmetn that is no longer relevant
-prevention: replication of studies overtime

69
Q

what are 3 ways researchers deal with threats to validity

A

-consider priorities (internal or external validity)
-when possible, prevent them
-when not posisble or unforeseen events, acknowledge and interpret research findings accordingly

70
Q

what are 2 diff. ways a control group can be conducted other then doing nothing and what does this help prevent

A

-do an alternate condition
-be a gold standard condition (ex: testing new drug)
-prevents drop out/placebo effect and other threats

71
Q

what are the 4 criteria that are used to evaliate the merits of experimental studies in quantitative research

A

validities
-internal
-external
-construct
-logical

72
Q

what are 2 potential ways to increase internal validity

A

include a control condition in addition to an experimental conditino
-randomly assign participants to conditions

73
Q

do control condition and random assignment alone guarantee internal validity

A

no
-must consider any details of a study to provide addition protection agrainst threats
-NO PERFECT STUDY (impossible to control for all threats to internal valdiity)

74
Q

what are 2 key things to generalizing study findings

A

ensuring that the sample chosen is representatiev of the population you wish to generalize the results to
-extent to which the conditions of the study reflect the real world

75
Q

limits to external validity of most studies in kinesiology include what

A

reliance on non-random selection of participants

76
Q

what is logical validity

A

quality of researchers arguments, application of theory to support the needs for the study, and appropriate interpretationf of results based on the data

77
Q

what is construct validity

A

refers to whether the measures used by researchers do indeed measure what they intended to measure

78
Q

how to make sure you have construct validity

A

development of a nomological network
-evidence that describes how measures are related
-used to justify support researchers choices

79
Q

what validities can be used to evaluate the merits of non experimental quantitative studies

A

logical and construct

79
Q

in order to evaluate the internal and external validity of a study, what must be present

A

manipulation of an independent variable
-result of a treatment or intervention

80
Q
A

Intro. to Research (7 decks)

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