Quantitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of probability sampling?

A

Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling

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2
Q

Which method of allocation is least likely to achieve balance of important patient characteristics between groups?

A

Simple randomisation

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3
Q

What are the methods of randomisation used to allocate subjects to trial groups?

A

Simple randomisation
Block randomisation
Stratified randomisation

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4
Q

What is null hypothesis testing?

A

Where a statement is made about there being no difference between the control group and intervention group

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5
Q

What are the factors that should be considered when selecting an outcome for a trial?

A
That it is meaningful 
That the outcome is measurable 
That the outcome is responsive to any changes 
The validity of the outcome
The reliability of the outcome
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6
Q

What does reliability address?

A

Whether repeated measurements provide a consistent result given the same initial circumstances

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7
Q

What does validity address?

A

Whether the measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure

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8
Q

What are the threats to internal validity in a trial?

A
History 
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation 
Mortality
Selection bias
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9
Q

What are the threats to external validity?

A

Selection effects
Reactive effects
Measurement effects

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10
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

A participant’s response to being in a study

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11
Q

What is the term used for ways of summarising and displaying data so that they can be easily understood?

A

Descriptive statistics

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12
Q

What are the 4 levels of measurement?

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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13
Q

Which level of measurement has a fixed zero?

A

Ratio

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14
Q

Which levels of measurement have equal distances between categories?

A

Interval and ratio

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15
Q

What are the measures of central tendency?

A

Mean, median and mode

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16
Q

What are the measures of dispersion?

A

Range, inter-quartile range, standard deviation and variance

17
Q

Which levels of measurement can be used with measures of dispersion?

A

Interval and ratio

18
Q

What type of statistics produce P values?

A

Inferential statistics

19
Q

Describe the stages involved in hypothesis testing

A
  1. Set null hypothesis
  2. Set alternative hypothesis
  3. Carry out significance test
  4. Obtain test statistic
  5. Compare test statistic to hypothesised critical value
  6. Obtain P value
  7. Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis based on the P value
20
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

A false positive -the null hypothesis is rejected but it is actually true

21
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

A false negative -the null hypothesis is accepted but it is actually false

22
Q

What is baseline data?

A

Data that is collected before the intervention but after recruitment