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QUARTER 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

“Solidarity of Society”

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2
Q

“Solidarity of Society”

A

talks about what holds a society together and what ties an individual to the society

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3
Q

two types of solidarity

A

mechanical and organic

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4
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

The social integration of members of a society who have common beliefs and values

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5
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

The social integration that arises out of the need of individuals for one another’s services.

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6
Q

anomie

A

a social condition that occurs when a society’s previously common norms and values disappear or disintegrate.This typically causes people to lack belonging and that they are disconnected from their society.

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7
Q

Society

A

large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

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8
Q

composition of society

A

1.the population
2.social groups and organizations
3. social institutions
4. social systems
5. The natural and technological environment

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9
Q

population

A

The people living in society that can be categorized into different perspectives

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10
Q

social groups and organizations

A

The persons living in a society may be classified into different social groupings

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11
Q

social institutions

A

The enduring organizations that exert a strong influence on individuals on how they conduct themselves in a society.

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12
Q

social systems

A

The networks of social groups, organizations and institutions that characterize society in the large scale, such as economic, political and cultural systems

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13
Q

The natural and technological environment

A

The natural resources available in each territory and the technological resources available for the use of society

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14
Q

culture

A

totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. can be material or non-material

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15
Q

Language

A

major element of culture.

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16
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

language precedes thoughts because people can conceptualize the world only through language.

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17
Q

norms

A

established standards of behavior maintained by society

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18
Q

types of norms

A

formal and informal

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19
Q

formal norms

A

law: government social control

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20
Q

informal norms

A

mores: norms that embody the values and morality of society.
folkways:norms governing everyday behaviour

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21
Q

Sanctions

A

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning society; can be positive or negative.

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22
Q

Harlow Attachment Theory

A

demonstrated the importance of social contact with the mother and peers for the proper social development of infant monkeys

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23
Q

The Importance of Socialization

A

Learn a Language.
Learn about the territory of the culture.
Enter a Network of Social Relationships.
Learn technological skills needed for culture.
Learn norms and culture.
Learn goals and ambitions of a culture.
It is a key part of individual development

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24
Q

agents of socialization

Study These Flashcards
A

family.
school,peer group,
church.
mass media.
work place

25
Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud
a theory that explain human behavior in terms of the interaction of various components of personality id,superego,ego
26
Sociological Imagination
concept by C. Wright Mills, that talks about the awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.
27
Psychoanalysis reveals...
understanding dreams repression brought about by traumatic experiences defense mechanisms
28
Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget:
an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding your thought processes.
29
Moral Development Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg
a theory that focuses on how people develop morality and moral reasoning
30
levels of moral development theory
Pre- Conventional Conventional Post-conventional
31
Pre- Conventional
Right and wrong determined by rewards and punishment
32
Conventional
Views of others matter: Avoidance of blame; seeking approval
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Post-conventional
Abstract notions of justice. Rights of others can override obedience to laws/rules
34
Psychosocial Development Theory by Erik Erikson
states that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood.
35
Stages of Psychosocial Development
1. Infancy 2. Toddler 3. Preschool Years 4. Middle School Years 5. Teen Years 6. Young Adult Years 7. Middle Age 8. Older Adulthood
36
1. Infancy (from birth to 18 mo.s):
: Trust Vs. Mistrust. If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
37
2. Toddler (from 18 mo.s to 3 yrs.):
Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt. Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
38
3. Preschool Years (from 3-5 yrs.):
Initiative Vs. Guilt. Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
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4. Middle School Years (from 6-11 yrs.)
Industry Vs. Inferiority. Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
40
5. Teen Years (from 12-18 yrs.):
Identity Vs. Identity Confusion. Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity. Or they become confused about who they are
41
6. Young Adult Years (from 18-40 yrs):
Intimacy Vs. Isolation. Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.
42
7. Middle Age (from 40-65 yrs):
Generativity Vs. Stagnation. The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
43
8. Older Adulthood (from 65 yrs. to death)
Integrity Vs. Despair. When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.
44
The Looking-Glass Self by Charles Horton-Cooley
states that a person's thoughts and feelings about themselves are formed based on the responses of others and their perception.
45
3 elements in the Looking-Glass Self
1. We imagine how we appear to the people around us 2. We interpret their reactions 3. We develop a self-concept
46
The Presentation of Self by Erving Goffman:
says that self is nothing more than "Self-Presentations" and "Play Performances" and that social life is a theater with social scripts, performances and actors and roles that perform in front.
47
Dramaturgy
a sociological concept that uses the metaphor of theater to explain human behavior. It is a sociological perspective that is a component of symbolic interactionism and is used in sociological analysis of everyday life
48
Elements of the Social Stage Play:
❖ Performance ❖ Setting ❖ Appearance ❖ Manner ❖ Front ❖ Front Stage ❖ Back Stage
49
deviance
any behavior exhibited by any member of a social group which violates established social norms
50
Since norms are relative from one society to another
it follows that other societies might consider it as deviant but not in another society.
51
methods of social control
negative sanctions positive sanctions
52
Theories on Deviance
Different Association Theory Control Theory Labeling Theory Strain Theory
53
Different Association Theory by Edwin Sutherland
observing more deviant acts will increase the chances of deviant behavior.
54
Control Theory (Walter Reckless, 1973); (Travis Hirschi, 1969)
deviant behavior as the agreement with social norms which requires strong bonds between people and society. Hirschi says that weak social bonds will lead to deviant behavior
55
two control systems that help us in avoiding deviant behavior:
inner controls: are the kind of morality and values we internalize outer controls: are the people who influence our decisions not to deviate.
56
Labeling Theory (Howard Becker, 1960)
power of stigma
57
Components of Deviance under Labeling Theory
Primary Deviance: It is not an individual's norm since committing deviant acts are limited. Secondary Deviance: It's almost a norm or a way of life/part of one's life committing deviant acts.
58
Strain Theory (Robert Merton)
anomie theory, the notion that a deviant act will most likely happen to a person when a gap exists between his cultural goals and his ability to meet them.
59
5 Components of Deviant Behaviors under Strain Theory:
1. Innovators: people who accept the goals of society but use illegal ways in achieving them. 2. Ritualism: They are the persons who reject cultural goals but use legitimate methods. 3. Retreatism: the people who reject both the cultural goals and the institutionalized means. 4. Rebellion: These are the people who define society as corrupt. The rebels, just like the 'retreatists', reject both the society's goals and its institutionalized means 5. Conformity: people who accept the goals of society and use institutional means

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