Quarter 1 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What’s middle C?
A
the C right in the middle of the keyboard
2
Q
What’s a half step?
A
moving
- between two adjacent white keys with no black key between
- or between a black key and white key
3
Q
What’s a whole step?
A
- moving between two white keys with a black key between
2. moving two half steps in general
4
Q
What’s a clef?
A
a clef is used to identify locations on the staff with specific pitches.
5
Q
What’s the treble clef?
A
the upper one that maps the second line to the G above middle C
6
Q
What’s a sharp sign? #
A
raises a note one half step or semitone
7
Q
What’s a flat sign? ♭
A
lowers a note one half step or semitone
8
Q
What’s a natural note?♮
A
A note that is neither sharp nor flat is natural ( ♮ ).
- The white notes on the
keyboard are thus C ♮ , D ♮ , E ♮ , F ♮ , G ♮ , A ♮ , and B ♮
9
Q
What can u use the sharp and flat signs for?
A
you can use it for white and black keys.
10
Q
What’s the bass clef?
A
the lower clef that assigns the F below middle C to the fourth line.
11
Q
What’s the grand staff?
A
the two clefs combined by a vertical line and large brace
12
Q
how to draw sharps and flats for notes?
A
draw it before the note
13
Q
What’re the steps between the notes?
A
A BC D EF
-half steps between bc and ef
14
Q
how do you number notes?
A
- the middle C is C4
2. numbering restarts at C
15
Q
How do you number the notes around C?
A
A3, B3, C4, D4, E4
16
Q
What’s the time signature?
A
A time signature is used to indicate which note value
is acting as the beat and how many beats there are in the measure.
17
Q
Notation of time signature?
A
- It consists of two numbers written in a vertical stack.
- The number on the bottom tells which note value is acting as the beat: 4 for the quarter note, 2 for the half
note, 1 for whole note. - The number on
top tells how many beats there are per measure.
18
Q
What’s common time?
A
4 4 meter aka c
19
Q
How to count music in quarter notes?
A
1, 2, 3, 4
20
Q
How to count music in eighth notes?
A
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and
21
Q
How to count music in sixteenth notes?
A
1 e and a
2 e and a
3 e and a
4 e and a
22
Q
How to draw flagged notes?
A
flags for sixteenth notes should go at the top, not bottom
23
Q
How to draw notes with stems?
A
- if it’s lower on the staff, draw it up on the right of the note
- if it’s higher on the staff, draw it lower on the left of the note
24
Q
What’s an octave?
A
an octave is seven steps, or 8 keys
25
What's the relationship between notes an octave apart?
notes an octave apart have the same letter name.
26
What's transposition?
moving all notes by the same amount of steps
27
What's the pattern for MAJOR scales?
WWSWWWS
| - half steps between 3,4 and 7,8
28
How do you make major/minor scales, ascending by five?
grab the second upper tetrachord of the bottom and use it as the first lower tetrachord for the next ascending one.
29
How do you name major and minor scales?
you name major and minor scales based on the scale degree one: the first note it starts on.
30
What're the rules for making major and minor scales?
1. there must be 1 note on every adjacent line or space
| 2. scales always start and end on same note (1 octave long)
31
How does the circle of fifths work for the major scale?
1. when ascending/descending, each letter major scale is 5 apart (c->g)
2. sharps increase by 1 going right of C major
3. flats increase by 1 going left of C major
4. add sharps and flats to the name of major scale according to the FCGDAEB chart for each.
32
How do you make major/minor scales, descending by five?
grab the first lower tetrachord and turn it into the second upper tetrachord for the next descending one.
33
What do you use the FCGDAEB sharps and flats chart for?
1. assigning sharps and flats in corresponding ascending/descending order for major/minor scale names and accidentals.
2. filling out the key signature in that order
34
How do you denote a major or minor scale?
1. major scale: use an UPPERcase letter
| 2. minor scale: use a LOWERcase letter
35
What's a semitone?
a semitone is a HALF step: any two ADJACENT keys
36
What's a whole tone?
a whole tone is a WHOLE step: two half steps
37
What's the only major scale with no sharps or flats?
The C major scale
38
What're accidentals?
accidentals are sharps and flats
39
What're the rules for drawing accidentals for treble and bass clefs?
drawing accidentals for treble and bass clefs:
1. treble clef: sharps
- as high as possible without ledger line
2. treble clef: flats
- sandwiched between 5-line staff
3. bass clef: sharps
- sandwiched between 5-line staff
4. bass clef: flats
- as low as possible without ledger line
40
What're the rules for drawing accidentals for treble clef?
1. treble clef: sharps
- as high as possible without ledger line
2. treble clef: flats
- sandwiched between 5-line staff
41
What're the rules for drawing accidentals for bass clef?
3. bass clef: sharps
- sandwiched between 5-line staff
4. bass clef: flats
- as low as possible without ledger line
42
For major / minor scales, when ascending from C major or A minor, what do you do?
add sharps
43
For major / minor scales, when descending from C major or A minor, what do you do?
add flats
44
What's the only minor scale with no accidentals?
A minor
45
What's the pattern for MINOR scales?
WSWWSWW
| - half steps between 2-3 and 5-6
46
How do you figure out the scale degree numbers and names of notes with accidentals?
notes with accidentals have same scale degree number and name as the NATURAL NOTE.
47
What happens if you raise scale degree 7/subtonic in minor scale by a semitone?
it becomes a LEADING TONE
48
What're the relative major or minor scales?
the scale with the SAME KEY SIGNATURE (same number and types of accidentals)
49
How to go from major to relative minor?
go down 2 note name steps (take into account accidentals)
| - eg g major to e minor
50
how to go from minor to relative major?
go up 2 note name steps (take into account accidentals)
| - eg e minor to g major
51
What's the structure of a major triad?
4 semitones on bottom, 3 semitones on top
52
What's the structure of a minor triad?
3 semitones on bottom, 4 semitones on top
53
What's the difference between 34 and 68 time signatures?
for 6/8 no notes/bars held over middle of bar
54
What're the rules for 3/4 and 6/8 time signatures?
1. no half rests
| 2. you can use six eighth notes for both (just divide them differently)
55
What's 3/4 time signature?
3/4 time
1. 3 basic groups of 2 (1/8 notes)
2. don't need to show middle of bar
56
What's 6/8 time signature?
6/8
1. 2 basic groups of 3 (1/8 notes)
2. need to show middle of bar (no notes/bars held over middle of the bar)
57
What're perfect intervals?
perfect intervals have a "perfect" or pure sound
58
What're examples of perfect intervals?
1. unisons
2. fourths
3. fifths
4. octaves
59
how do you distinguish perfect intervals?
1. can't be major or minor
| 2. they're either diminished, perfect, or augmented.
60
What's a diminished interval?
diminished interval is one that's compressed by a semitone with a sharp or flat
61
What's an augmented interval?
augmented interval is one that's expanded by a semitone with a sharp or flat
62
What're fourths?
fourths are two notes that are 4 note names apart
| e.g. CF: C->D->E->F
63
What're the size of fourths?
1. perfect fourths contain five (5) HALF steps
| 2. augmented fourth FB has six (6) HALF steps
64
What're the natural fourths?
perfect fourths
1. CF
2. DG
3. EA
4. GC
5. AD
6. BE
augmented fourth
7. FB
65
How big are each of the natural fourths?
all of the natural fourths are perfect fourths (5 semitones) except FB (6 semitones)
66
What're the rules for perfect intervals?
perfect intervals can't be reversed!
| eg perfect fourth CF isn't the same as FC
67
What's identical to natural perfect intervals?
you can transpose the interval by adding sharps and flats to all notes: considered the same interval.
68
What're fifths?
fifths are pairs of notes five note names apart
| eg. CG: C->D->E->F->G
69
What're the size of fifths?
1. perfect fifths contain seven (7) HALF steps
| 2. diminished fifth BF has six (6) HALF steps
70
What're the natural fifths?
perfect fifths
1. CG
2. DA
3. EB
4. FC
5. GD
6. AE
diminished fifth
7. BF
71
How big are each of the natural fifths?
all of the natural fifths are perfect fifths (7 semitones) except diminished fifth BF (6 semitones)
72
What's the similarity between fourths and fifths?
diminished fifths have the same sound as augmented fourths because both have six (6) half steps.
73
What's a perfect unison?
a perfect unison are two notes with the same letter note name and location on the staff
- eg C4 and C4
74
What's an augmented unison?
both notes have the same letter name, but one note is one semitone higher than the other
- eg C4# and C4
75
What's an octave?
an octave are 2 notes with the same letter name separated by 12 half steps
- eg C4 and C5
76
What's an inverted interval?
an inverted interval is when you move the bottom note up by an octave, or move the top note down by an octave
- move bottom/top note up/down by an octave to same letter note
77
How do you invert an interval up?
invert up by moving the BOTTOM note up by an octave
78
How do you invert an interval down?
invert down by moving the TOP note down by an octave
79
What's the effect of inverting a fifth interval UP?
you turn the fifth into a fourth
80
What's the effect of inverting a fourth interval DOWN?
you turn the fourth into a fifth
81
How does inverting intervals change the size?
inverting intervals (size-wise)
1. second seventh
2. third sixth
3. fourth fifth
82
What're seconds?
seconds are pairs of notes that are note name adjacent (2 letter note names apart including ends)
- eg CD, DE, EF
83
What're major seconds and how do you denote them?
major seconds are 2 semitones apart, and you denote with capital M
84
What're minor seconds and how do you denote them?
minor seconds are 1 semitone apart, and you denote with lowercase m
85
What are major and minor seconds?
there are major and minor seconds
- majors are 2 semitones
- minors are 1 semitone
86
What're augmented seconds?
augmented seconds have THREE (3) semitones
87
What's a natural interval?
a natural interval has no accidentals
88
What's an interval?
an interval has two (2) notes
89
What're the seven natural seconds?
natural seconds
1. CD (M)
2. DE (M)
3. EF (m)
4. FG (M)
5. GA (M)
6. AB (M)
7. BC (m)
90
What's a diminished interval?
a diminished interval is when you lower the upper note or raise the bottom note of a MINOR interval by one semitone
91
What's an augmented interval?
an augmented interval is when you lower the bottom note or raise the top note of a MAJOR interval by one semitone
92
What're thirds?
thirds are two notes that are 3 letter note names apart including ends
- eg CE, DF, EG
93
What're the sizes of major and minor thirds?
1. major thirds: 4 semitones
| 2. minor thirds: 3 semitones
94
What're the seven natural thirds?
natural thirds
1. CE (M)
2. DF (m)
3. EG (m)
4. FA (M)
5. GB (M)
6. AC (m)
7. BD (m)
95
What're sixths?
sixths are two notes that are 6 letter note names apart including ends
- eg CA, DB
96
What're the sizes of major and minor sixths?
1. major sixths: 9 semitones
| 2. minor sixths: 8 semitones
97
What're sevenths?
sevenths are two notes that are 7 letter note names apart including ends
- eg CB, DC
98
What're the sizes of major and minor sevenths?
1. major sevenths: 11 semitones
| 2. minor sevenths: 10 semitones
99
What're the natural sevenths?
natural sevenths
1. CB (M)
2. DC (m)
3. ED (m)
4. FE (M)
5. GF (m)
6. AG (m)
7. BA (m)
100
What're the seconds-sevenths inversions?
1. d2 A7
2. m2 M7
3. M2 m7
4. A2 d7
101
What're the thirds-sixths inversions?
1. d3 A6
2. m3 M6
3. M3 m6
4. A3 d6
102
What're triads?
1. a fifth divided into two thirds
2. always written on 3 consecutive lines or spaces
(each note is one letter note name apart)
103
What's a major triad?
major triad has major third (4 semitones) on bottom and minor third (3 semitones) on top
104
What's a minor triad?
minor triad has minor third (3 semitones) on bottom and major third (4 semitones) on top
105
What're triads named after?
triads are named after the root note - the note at the bottom of the triad
106
What's the root note of a triad?
the note originally at the bottom.
107
What does the root and fifth of a major/minor triad create?
it creates a perfect fifth
108
What're the four types of triads?
triads:
1. major
2. minor
3. diminished
4. augmented
109
What're the seven natural triads?
1. CEG
2. DFA
3. EGB
4. FAC
5. GBD
6. ACE
7. BDF
110
Label each of the seven natural triads by their quality?
1. CEG (Major)
2. DFA (minor)
3. EGB (minor)
4. FAC (Major)
5. GBD (Major)
6. ACE (minor)
7. BDF (diminished)
111
What're the major natural triads?
major natural triads are CEG, FAC, GBD
112
What're the minor natural triads?
minor natural triads are DFA, EGB, ACE
113
What's the diminished natural triad?
diminished natural triad is BDF
114
How do yo name triads?
you name triads after the ROOT NOTE
115
What's the structure of a triad?
triads are always written on 3 consecutive lines or spaces.
116
What're the types of triads?
types of triads:
1. major
2. minor
3. diminished
4. augmented
117
In a triad properly ordered, what're the notes called?
1. the root is the lowest note
2. the third is the note in the middle
3. the fifth is the note on the top
118
What's the bass note?
the lowest sounding note in a chord in any order, NOT the root! (if grand staff, the lowest note on the bass clef).
119
What symbols represent the types of triads?
1. major: capital M
2. minor: lowercase m
3. diminished: degree symbol
4. augmented: plus sign
120
What's a diminished triad?
a diminished triad consists of two MINOR thirds sharing the middle note
121
What's an augmented triad?
an augmented triad consists of two MAJOR thirds sharing the middle note.
122
What positions can a triad be in?
a triad can be in root, first inversion, or second inversion position
123
What's a triad in root position?
the bass (the note on the bottom of the triad) is the same as the ROOT of the triad
- 5 position
3
124
What's a triad in first inversion position?
the bass is the third of the triad
- 6 position
3
125
What's a triad in second inversion position?
the bass is the fifth of the triad
- 6 position
4
126
What's a chord?
a chord is three or more notes played at the same time.
127
How do you use roman numerals to label a triad's quality?
1. minor: lowercase roman
2. major: uppercase roman
3. diminished: lowercase roman with degree symbol
4. augmented: uppercase roman with plus symbol
128
How to use roman numerals for triads?
1. the roman numeral number corresponds to the scale degree of the TRIAD'S ROOT! not the bass
2. figured bass numbers tell the position of the given chord in relation to the ordered TRIAD!
129
What's the abbreviation for 5 3 triad bass number?
nothing, just blank
130
What's the abbreviation for 6 3 triad bass number?
abbreviated just 6
131
What's the convention for minor scales? (important)
raise the scale degree 7th note so the 5th changes to V and the 7th changes to vii*.
132
What’re the types of seconds, thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, and sevenths?
1. Major/minor/diminished/augmented: 2,3,6,7
| 2. Perfect/diminished/augmented: 4,5
133
What're the semitones in 2,3,4,5,6, and 7'ths?
1. seconds major is 2 semitones
2. thirds major is 4 semitones
3. fourths perfect is 5 semitones
4. fifths perfect is 7 semitones
5. sixths major is 9 semitones
6. sevenths major is 11 semitones
