Quarterly 3 Review Guide Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Steps to the Scientific Method:
A
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion
Report
2
Q
Observation
A
Gathering information about a phenomenon.
3
Q
Question
A
What do you want to learn?
4
Q
Hypothesis
A
A testable explanation based on observations
5
Q
Experiment
A
Testing the hypothesis under controlled conditions.
6
Q
Analysis
A
Interpreting the data from the experiment.
7
Q
Conclusion
A
Deciding whether the hypothesis is supported or not
8
Q
Report
A
Sharing findings with others.
9
Q
Independent Variable
A
The factor you change in an experiment.
10
Q
Dependent Variable
A
The factor you measure or observe
11
Q
Constant Variables
A
Factors that are kept the same across all trials
12
Q
Experimental Group
A
Group exposed to the independent variable
13
Q
Control Group
A
Group kept under normal conditions, not exposed to the independent variable.
14
Q
RRREGNTS (Metabolic Activities):
A
- R: Reproduction
* R: Respiration
* R: Regulation
* E: Excretion
* G: Growth
* N: Nutrition
* T: Transport
* S: Synthesis
15
Q
Cell Theory (3)
A
All living things are composed of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
Originally All cells come from pre-existing cells.
16
Q
Organelles (11)
A
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Apparatus
17
Q
Nucleus
A
Contains genetic material (DNA); controls cell activities.
18
Q
Ribosomes
A
Synthesizes proteins.
19
Q
Cell Membrane
A
Semi-permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
20
Q
Cell Wall
A
Provides structural support (found in plant cells)
21
Q
Mitochondria
A
Powerhouse of the cell; produces energy (ATP).
Cellular Respiration happens here
22
Q
Chloroplast
A
Carry out photosynthesis (in plant cells).
23
Q
Lysosomes
A
Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste
24
Q
Vacuoles
A
Store water, nutrients, and waste products.
25
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance where organelles are suspended.
26
Endoplasmic Reticulum
* Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.
* Smooth ER: Involved in lipid production and detoxification.
27
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or use within the cell.
28
Plant vs. Animal Cell
* Similarities: Both have a nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
* Differences: Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles; animal cells do not.
29
Parts of a Microscope (6)
Eyepiece
Objective lenses
Stage
Diaphragm
Coarse Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
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Eyepiece
The lens you look through
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Objective lenses
Magnify the specimen.
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Stage
Supports the slide
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Diaphragm
Controls the amount of light passing through.
34
Course Adjustment
Focuses the images a lot, can not use under high power
35
Fine Adjustment
Focuses the images very little at a time, used to make the image more clear
36
Structure of the Cell Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. Hydrophilic tails and a hydrophobic head
37
Function of Cell Membrane
Regulates what enters and exits the cell; provides protection and structure
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Endocytosis
The process of taking substances into the cell by engulfing them
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Exocytosis
The process of expelling substances from the cell
40
Passive Transport (6)
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
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Active Transport (2)
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
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Diffusion
Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
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Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of particles through a protein channel without energy.
44
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
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Hypertonic
Solution with a higher concentration of solutes
It will shrink
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Hypotonic
Solution with a lower concentration of solutes.
It will expand
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Isotonic
Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell.
48
Carbohydrates
Elements - C, H, O
Building Blocks - glucose, monosaccharides, simple sugar
Polymers - starch, cellulose, bread, candy, pasta, ends in -ose
Function- Provides a quick burst of energy; made of sugars
49
Proteins
Elements - C, H, O, N
Building blocks - amino acids
Polymers - meat, eggs, enzymes (biological catalysts), hormones
Functions - Builds and repair tissues, controls hormone activity and enzymes; made of amino acids.
50
Lipids
Elements - C, H, O
Building blocks - fatty acids and glycerol
Polymers - wax, butter, oil, cholesterol, triglycerides
Functions - Stores energy, gives you long term energy, insulation
Major components of Cell Membrane
51
Nucleic Acids
Elements - C, H, O, N, P
Building blocks - nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base)
Polymers - DNA, RNA
Functions - Holds genetic information
52
Asexual Reproduction (5)
Binary Fission
Budding
Regeneration
Fragmentation
Vegetative Propagation
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Binary Fission
One cell divides into two (e.g., bacteria).
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Budding
A new organism grows from a bud on the parent (e.g., hydra)
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Regeneration
Growing a new part to replace lost parts (e.g., lizards and frogs).
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Fragmentation
Parent organism breaks into pieces, each developing into a new organism (e.g., planaria).
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Sporulation
Spores fly and make mold
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Vegetative Propagation
Vegetables are grown underground in the roots (e.g., strawberries).
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Mitosis
Parent cell produces 2 identical daughter cells (eukaryotic cells)
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Cancer
* Uncontrolled cell division caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle.
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DNA Replication
The process of copying DNA before cell division.
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Transcription
DNA is converted into RNA
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Translation
RNA is used to produce proteins
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Artificial Selection
Humans select traits in organisms to breed
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Selective Breeding
Breeding organisms with desirable traits.
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Gene Splicing/Recombinant DNA
Combining genes from different organisms to create new traits.
67
Lamarck vs. Darwin
Lamarck believed traits acquired during an organism’s life could be passed on, while Darwin emphasized natural selection
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Darwin’s 4 Principles of Natural Selection
Variation, competition, survival of the fittest, inheritance.
69
Evidence for Evolution:
* Geologic & Fossil Records: Fossils show evidence of past organisms.
* Comparative Anatomy: Similar structures in different species indicate common ancestry.
* Comparative Embryology: Similarities in early development suggest common ancestry.
* Comparative Biochemistry: Similar DNA or protein sequences indicate evolutionary relationships
70
Abiotic
Non-living factors (temperature, sunlight).
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Biotic
Living factors (plants, animals).
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Autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food (e.g., plants).
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Heterotrophs
Organisms that consume others for food (e.g., animals).
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Photosynthesis
Process by which plants make food.
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Photosynthesis Reactants
Carbon dioxide, water.
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Photosynthesis Products
Glucose, oxygen
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Food Chains/Webs/Pyramids:
Diagrams showing energy flow through an ecosystem.
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Niche
The role an organism plays in its environment.
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Habitat
The environment where an organism lives.
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Commensalism
One organism benefits, the other is unaffected
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Parasitism
One organism benefits at the expense of the other.
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Mutualism
Both organisms benefit.
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Competition
Organisms compete for resources.
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Predation
One organism eats another.
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Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors
The maximum number of individuals an environment can support, determined by factors like food, space, and water.
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Primary Succession
The development of an ecosystem in a previously uninhabited area.
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Secondary Succession:
The recovery of an ecosystem after a disturbance.
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Climax Community
A stable, mature ecosystem, like a biome
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Indicators (4)
Lugol's iodine
Benedicts
BTB
pH paper
90
Lugol's iodine (amber)
tests for starch (blue/black)
91
Benedicts (light blue)
Tests for glucose (orange + black)
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BTB (blue)
Tests for CO2 (green/yellow)
93
pH paper
Tests for acidity (0-14)
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What is a neutral pH level
7
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What's an acid pH level
0-6
96
What's a basic pH level
8-14
97
Nucleotides
Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
