Question 4 factors question Flashcards
(31 cards)
1
Q
Who were 2 individuals from the medieval period?
A
Galen and Hippocrates
2
Q
What did Hippocrates invent/ believe in?
A
- Four Humours Theory balancing the fluids.
- Different parts of the body needed different treatments.
- He wrote 60 books which influenced medicine for hundreds of years.
3
Q
What did Galen do?
A
- Learned about anatomy in gladiator school.
- Dissected apes and pigs to learn more.
- Understood the importance of observation and recorded the symptoms.
- Galen’s books were used as university textbooks until the middle ages.
4
Q
Who were 2 individuals from the Early Modern period?
A
Edward Jenner and William Harvey.
5
Q
What did William Harvey find?
A
- His book “on the motion of the heart” challenged Galen.
- He experimented on animals and discovered how blood pumped around the body in a circular motion.
- He experimented on a patients forearm to prove blood was pumping and proved it was impossible to have too much blood.
- Reduced blood-letting and long term helped understanding of the heart and kidney disease.
- His work helped the discovery of capillaries 60 years later.
6
Q
What did Edward Jenner do?
A
- Heard that milkmaid with cowpox never caught smallpox.
- Injected James Phipps with cowpox pus then once recovered smallpox pus.
- In 1798 wrote “an inquiry into the causes and effects of Varioae Vaccinae, or cow-pox”
- Given £10,000 in 1802, by the government to continue his research.
- In 1840 vaccinations free for all infants, 1853 compulsary for all.
- Other diseases have been almost wiped out due to vaccinations e.g. polia and measles.
7
Q
Who were 2 individuals from the 19th century?
A
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.
8
Q
What did Louis Pasteur do?
A
- Established the link between germs and diseases, invented Germ Theory.
- Invented Pasteurisation which made food and drink safer from infection.
- He argued that micro-organisms were responsible for disease and that if only we could discover these micro-organisms, then a vaccine could be specifically developed to target an individual disease.
- His first work was on chicken cholera, and this led, in 1880, to an effective vaccine against rabies.
9
Q
What did Robert Koch do?
A
- Robert Koch, a German scientist, took the work of Louis Pasteur further.
- In the lab he was able to link certain germs to particular diseases. He used a stain to identify bacteria.
- In 1882, he discovered the specific bacteria that caused TB.
- In 1883 and 1884, he discovered those for cholera.
10
Q
Who were individuals from the 20th century?
A
Alexander Fleming and Aneurin Bevan.
11
Q
What did Fleming do?
A
- During WW! he was sent to study wounded soldiers.
- He decided to look for something which would kill the microbes which caused the infections.
- Fleming was investigating a drug (which caused septicaemia).
- When he got back from holiday he found that spores from mouldy bread left in his lab had got into the petri dish and killed the germ.
- This mould was Penicillin.
12
Q
What did Aneurin Bevan do?
A
- Minister of health introduced by the Labour government to create the NHS.
- All medical people from doctors to pharmacists were brught together under one organisation for “cradle to grave care” paid for through taxation.
- Everyone could see a doctor for free.
- Life expectancy increased from 66-83 for women and from 64-79 for men since the NHS.
13
Q
What are the 2 factorss for chance during the Medieval period?
A
Barber Surgeons’ Tooth Worms and the Black Death.
14
Q
Why was the barber surgeons tooth worms chance?
A
- Used hot wire and put it into cavity to kill the tooth worm making the hole.
- It actuality killed the nerves, this stopping the pain.
15
Q
Why was the Black Death chance?
A
- Popping the buboes to release the evil spirits in the disease inadvertently released some of the infection.
- Cleaning all filth from the streets, ordered by the king- they didn’t know why but it reduced the number of rats which carried fleas.
16
Q
What are the 2 factors for chance during the Early Modern period?
A
Ambroise Pare and Edward Jenner.
17
Q
Why was Ambroise Pare because of chance?
A
- Scientific methods as he was a surgeon and army doctor in the Italian War (Siege of Milan).
- Ran out of oil so couldn’t cauterise wounds so used a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses. Less painful.
18
Q
Why was Edward Jenner because of chance?
A
- Lucky to overhear milkmaids chatting and saying that milkmaids with cowpox never caught smallpox.
19
Q
Who is the person for chance during the 19th century?
A
Simpson and Chloroform.
20
Q
Why is Simpson and chloroform down to chance?
A
- Simpson experimented with different chemicals as anaesthetics he invited some of his friends around for dinner.
- He poured chlorform into some glases and he and his friends all passed out. He had accidentally found a gaseous anaesthetic.
21
Q
Who was the person for chance in the 19th century?
A
Alexander Fleming.
22
Q
Why was Fleming’s discovery of penicillin down to chance?
A
It was just chance that the spores of mould from his rotten bread entered his petri dish and killed the bacteria.
23
Q
What is the factor for war in the Medieval period?
A
John Arderne.
24
Q
What did John Arderne do?
A
- Worked in the 100 years war (from 1337 - 1453).
- He developed painkilling ointments of hemlock, opium and henbane which reduced cauterisations.
- He wrote “A Practise for Surgery” in 1350 which challenged Galen and Hippocrates.
25
Who are the factors for war during the Early Modern period?
British Sailors - James Lind.
26
What did the British sailors and James Lind do?
-1753 - British sailors were travelling all over the world as part of the British empire. A lack of vitamins and scurvy killed more sailors than warfare did. James Lind worked out that they should have a daily dose of Lime Juice to stop it.
27
What was the factor for war during the 20th Century?
World War One 1914 - 1918.
28
Why was WW! bring changes to health in Britain?
- Mobile x-ray units made it easier to see injuries beneath the skin
- In 1915 the first blood banks set up for battle casualties.
- Harold Gillies developed better skin-grafts - 5000 patients.
- Treatment for shellshock PTSD improved by William Rivers.
29
Who are the 2 factors for communication in the Medieval Period?
Rhazes and Avicenna.
30
What did Rhazes do?
- Head doctor in Baghdad hospital.
| - Wrote "El Hawi" and 200 further medical works with detailed descriptions of diseases gained through observation.
31
What did Avicenna do?
- Wrote "Canon of Medicine" a combination of his own ideas combined with Galen and Hippocrates.
- His work was translated into Latin and used widely in the west.
- "Canon of Medicine" was used widely as the medical textbook well into the 17th century.
