Question Clues - Endocrineology Flashcards by User Unknown

What does Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) and Thymosin do?

Help T-Cells Mature

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What does vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) do?

Inhibits secretin, motilin, and CCK and open sphincters.

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How does a VIPoma present?

Watery Diarrhea

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How does a somatostatinoma present?

Constipation

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What are the hormones with disulfide bonds?

“PIIG” - Prolactin, Insulin, Inhibin, GH

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What hormones have alpha subunits?

Lh, FSH, TSH, and Beta-HCG (Hints the HCG Diet)

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What hormones produce Acidophilus?

“GAP” GH, Acidophilus, and Prolactin - Pink on stain

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What hormones produce Basophils?

“B FLAT” - Purple on stain - Basophils, FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH

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What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

ADH (supraoptic nucleus), Oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus) by the neurophysins

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What is seen in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

Antimicrosomal antibody and Anti-TPO antibody

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What is the mechanism of Action of Insulin?

Pushes K+ into the cells,
Liver: Increases glucose storage as Glycogen, Increases triglyceride Synthesis.
Muscles: Increases protein and glycogen synthesis
Adipose Tissue: Improves triglyceride storage by activating lipoprotein lipase, and decreasing circulating free fatty acids

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What are the indications for insulin?

DM Type one and two, Hyperkalemia, Stress induced hyperglycemia, gestational Diabetes

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What is the adverse effect of insulin?

Hypoglycemia

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What are the short acting insulin drugs?

Aspart and Lispro

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What is the rapid acting insulin drugs?

Regular insulin

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What is the intermediate acting insulin drugs?

NPH and Lente

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What are the long acting insulin drugs?

Ultralenta, Glargine, and Protamine Zinc

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What is the mechanism of action of Sulfonylureas?

Closes K+ Channel in the pancreatic cell membrane, reduces K+ efflux & increases CA++ influx, and cell depolarize to increase the secretion of insulin.

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What are the indications for sulfonylureas?

NIDDM (Type 2 DM)

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What is the adverse effects of sulfonylureas?

Hypoglycemia, GI Distribance, muscle weakness, mental confusion, sulfa allergy

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Function of what cells is necessary for the action of Sulfonylureas?

Requires some islet cell function so the drug is used less in Type 1 DM

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What are the first generation sulfonylureas?

Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide

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What are the adverse effects for the first generation sulfonylureas?

Disulfiram like effects

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What are the second generation sulfonylureas?

Glyburide, Glimepiride, and Glipizide

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What is the mechanism of action of biguanides?

Decreases gluconeogenesis, increase glycolysis, and increase peripheral glucose intake (insulin sensitivity)

What are the indications for biguanides?

First line therapy in Type 2 DM

What are the adverse effects of biguanides?

Lactic acidosis (contraindicated in renal failure). Also stop use in patients undergoing studies using contrast.

What is the Biguanides drug?

Metformin

What is the mechanism of action of Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione's?

Increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Transaction modulation by PPAR-gamma in nucleus.

What are the indications for Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione's?

NIDDM. (Type 2)

What are the adverse effects of Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione's?

Weight gain, edema, hepatotoxicity, increase LDL and triglycerides, and contraindicated in CHF.

What are the Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione's drugs?

Pioglitazone and Rosiglitzone

What is the mechanism of action of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?

Inhibits intestinal brush border Alpha-Glucosidases, Delays sugar hydrolysis and Glucose absorption from the gut, Decreases postprandial hyperglycemia.

What are the indications for alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

NIDDM (Type 2)

What is the adverse effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

Gi disturdances and may reduce absorption of Iron

What are the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

Acarbose and Miglitol

What is the mechanism of action of Mimetics?

Decrease Glucagon

What is the indication for mimetics?

NIDDM (Type 2)

What are the adverse effects of mimetics?

Hypoglycemic, Nausea, and Diarrhea

What is the mimetic drug?

Pramlintide

What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 analogs (Glucangon like peptides)

Increase insulin and decrease glucagon release

What is the indication for a GLP-1 analog?

NIDDM (Type 2)

What are the adverse effects of GLP-1 analogs?

Nausea, Vomiting and Pancreatitis

What are the GLP-1 analog drugs?

Exenatide and Liraglutide

What is the mechanism of action of Growth Hormone?

Stimulates liver production of insulin-like growth factors and gastric emptying

What are the indications for GH?

GH deficiency in children, Turner syndrome, and burn victims.

What is the mechanism of action for Octreotide? (synthetic analog of Somatostatin)

Decrease release of GH, Gastrin, CCK, Carcinoid, VIP, Glucagon, and Insulin.

What are the indications for Octreotide?

Acromegaly; Glucagonoma; Insulinoma' Carcinoid syndrome

What are the indications for Oxytocin?

Induces labor and Controls uterine hemorrhage

What is the mechanism of action of Desmopressin (DDAVP) / ADH?

Recruits water channels to Luminal Membrane in collecting duct

What are the indications for Desmopressin (DDAVP) / ADH?

Antidiuresis and Central DI

What are the adverse effects of Desmopressin (DDAVP) / ADH?

Over hydration and allergic reaction

What is the mechanism of action of Propylthiouracil and Methimazole?

Inhibits peroxidase enzyme in thyroid and decreases synthesis of thyroid hormones

What is the indication for Propylthiouracil and Methimazole?

Hyperthyroidism

What are the adverse effects of Propylthiouracil and Methimazole?

Agranulocytosis, skin rash, and aplastic anemia

What is the mechanism of action of Levothyroxine (T4) / Triiodothyronine (T3)?

Thyroxine Replacement.

What are the indications for Levothyroxine (T4) / Triiodothyronine (T3)?

Hypothyroidism and Myxedema

What are the adverse effects of Levothyroxine (T4) / Triiodothyronine (T3)?

Tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremors, and arrhythmias

What is the mechanism of action of Demeclocycline?

ADH anatagonist

What is the indication for Demeclocycline?

SIADH

What is the adverse effects of demeclocycline?

Nephrogenic DI, Photosensitivity and abnormalities of Bone and Teeth

What is the mechanism of action of Glucocortocids?

Decrease production of Leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and expression of COX-2

What are the indications for glucocorticoids?

Addison's disease; inflammation; immune suppression; asthma

What are the adverse effects of glucocorticoids?

iatrogenic Cushing's Syndrome

What are the glucocorticoid drugs?

Hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, prednisone, beclomethasone

Question Clues - Endocrineology Flashcards

(65 cards)