questions !

Question 1

what is the umbo?

Answer 1

most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane, marks the point of attachement of the handle of the malleus to tympanic membrane

Question 2

what is the pars tensa?

Answer 2

thick part of tympanic membrane, inferior ish

pars flaccida = thinnest part, located superiorly

Question 3

what muscle is attached to the malleus + chorda tympani passes over?

Answer 3

tensor tympani muscle (CN V3)

Question 4

how often are taste receptor cells + olfactory receptors replaced respectively? what are they replaced by?

Answer 4

taste receptor cells = 10days
olfactory receptors = every 2 month

basal cells

Question 5

what part of the brain does the olfactory tract take olfactory bulb neurons to?

Answer 5

temporal lobe + olfactory areas

Question 6

the vagus nerve passes out the cranial cavity via which foramen?

Answer 6

jugular

Question 7

what is the first + most superior branch of vagus nerve?

Answer 7

superior laryngeal

Question 8

most likely diagnosis for vertigo lasting days-weeks

Answer 8

labyrinthitis AND vestibular neuronitis

Question 9

most likely diagnosis for vertigo lasting 20 minutes to several hours

Answer 9

menieres disease

Question 10

most likely diagnosis for vertigo lasting seconds to minutes

Answer 10

BPPV

–> triggered by positional changes

Question 11

second line treatment of child with persistent otitis media with effusion

Answer 11

adenoidectomy + repeat grommet insertion

Adenoidectomy may be considered at first if child has nasal symptoms

Question 12

other than antibiotics, what other treatment may be given in severe tonsilitis?

Answer 12

steroid

Question 13

what kind of neck lump is most commonly seen in older men?

Answer 13

pharyngeal pouch

Question 14

what kind of neck lump moves upwards on swallowing?

Answer 14

goitre

Question 15

what kind of neck lump usually present in the first 2 years of life?

Answer 15

cystic hygroma

benign congenital lymphatic lesion, most commonly located in left posterior triangle of neck

Question 16

what kind of neck lump is the most common cause of neck swellings?

Answer 16

reactive lymphadenopathy

Question 17

what kind of neck lump will rarely cause pain when drinking alcohol?

Answer 17

hodgkins disease (lymphoma)

RARE

Question 18

what kind of neck lump is usually located between isthmus of thyroid + hyoid bone?

Answer 18

thyroglossal cyst

Question 19

pulsatile lateral neck lump

Answer 19

carotid aneurysm

Question 20

most common bacterial cause of a sore throat?

Answer 20

streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep)

Question 21

organism that produces potent exotoxin

Answer 21

corynebacterium diptheriae

Question 22

commonest cause of otitis externa

Answer 22

staph aureus

Question 23

commonest cause of otitis media

Answer 23

haemophilus influenzae

Question 24

At what vertebral level is the thyroid and hyoid cartilage located respectively?

Answer 24

thyroid cartilage = C4/5/6

hyoid cartilage = C3

cricoid cartilage = C6

Question 25

4 features of labyrinthitis?

Answer 25

episodes of vertigo lasting days to weeks may be associated with a viral infection associated hearing loss or tinnitus ay experience tinnitus on affected side

Question 26

what strains does the HPV vaccine protect against?

Answer 26

6, 11, 16 + 18

Question 27

what strains does the HPV vaccine protect against?

Answer 27

6, 11, 16 + 18

Question 28

which salivary gland is most likely to be affected by a tumour?

Answer 28

parotid - biggest gland, most likely benign smaller glands more likely to be malignant

Question 29

why do head + neck patients experience more pain than in other cancers?

Answer 29

more nerve innervations, lots of referred pain

Question 30

at what stage of the WHO pain ladder are opiates considered

Answer 30

stage 2

Question 31

which medication is give to combat neuropathic pain?

Answer 31

amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant)

Question 32

most common site for head + neck cancer

Answer 32

larynx

Question 33

viral cause of respiratory papillomatous disease

Answer 33

HPV

Question 34

which virus plays a significant role in head + neck cancers?

Answer 34

HPV (16) - esp oropharyngeal

Question 35

in an emergency airway algorithm, what counts as a definitive airway?

Answer 35

tracheal intubation | tracheostomy

Question 36

what makes up Waldeyer's ring?

Answer 36

tonsils, adenoids, lingual tonsil

Question 37

what are the symptoms in the CENTOR criteria?

Answer 37

history of fever tonsillar exudates absence of cough tener anterior lymphadenopathy

Question 38

primary management of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea in children caused by large tonsils?

Answer 38

surgery

Question 39

changes to skin over time

Answer 39

decrease in collagen tunover as well as elastin volume of subcutaneous fat diminishes skin thins melanocytes decrease

Question 40

initial management of OME (glue ear) if first ENT clinic?

Answer 40

watch + wait, review in 3 months

Question 41

contraindication to rhinoplasty in scotland

Answer 41

recent changes to mental health

Question 42

what age would most people be considered for otoplasty (pinning ears)

Answer 42

from 6yrs old

Question 43

what antibiotics should be avoided when treating tonsilitis or glandular fever?

Answer 43

ampicillin amoxicillin co-amoxiclav

Question 44

main risk of tonsillectomy

Answer 44

bleeding

Question 45

when should nasal fracture be assessed to see if local manipulation is indicated

Answer 45

7-14days post injury

Question 46

36y/o 3 day history of stridor + fever, inital management?

Answer 46

start oxygen

Question 47

RTA, presents with battles sign

Answer 47

temporal bone fracture

Question 48

most important foreign body to rule out

Answer 48

battery

Question 49

percentage of acute rhinosinusitis thats viral

Answer 49

>90%

Question 50

virus related to nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 50

epstein barr virus

Question 51

anatimical cause of prominent pinna

Answer 51

lack/underdeveloped antihelical fold prominent concha protruding lobe

Question 52

nervee responsible for referred otalgia from oropharynx

Answer 52

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 53

most useful investigation for neck mass of unknown origin

Answer 53

US fine needle aspirate

Question 54

most likely cause of parotid swelling mass

Answer 54

pleomorphic adenoma

Question 55

patient not improving after 3 days with otitis externa + conservative measures, next management?

Answer 55

topical sofradex

Question 56

type of hearing loss seen in patients with presbycusis

Answer 56

high frequency sensorineural hearing loss

Question 57

patient has a rinnes test that is positive on the right + negative on the left, with a webers going to the left. what is the likely hearing loss?

Answer 57

conductive on the left

Question 58

vertigo lasting minutes-hours, hx of migraines, management?

Answer 58

lifestyle + trigger avoidance if not = triptans

Question 59

recurrent vertigo lasts for 3hrs to a day, assoc vomiting + aural fullness. audiogram shows low frequency hearing loss

Answer 59

meneires

Question 60

47 y/o man, 5 day hx of dizziness, N+V

Answer 60

vestibular neuritis (no hearing loss)

Question 61

67y/o right sided facial nerve palsy, grade 4 wealness but can still move forehead, what must be ruled out?

Answer 61

CVE - stroke

Question 62

tympanogram shows flat trace with high canal volume, what is this likely to indicate?

Answer 62

perforation

Question 63

8y/o with otorrhea + hearing loss, white keratin tissue seen on otoscope

Answer 63

cholesteatoma

Question 64

treatment for viral cause of hyposmia

Answer 64

smell retraining + support

Question 65

most common blood vessel in the nose that can be ligated in the surgical management of epistaxis?

Answer 65

sphenopalatine

Question 66

recurrent ear infections, on going discharge despite treatment with drops + tablets

Answer 66

cholesteatoma

Question 67

tendernesss + swelling behind ear, bulging tympanic membrane

Answer 67

mastoiditis