Questions Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
- What is the anatomical/histological substrate of the enlargements of the spinal
cord?
A
spinal cord is enlarged in 2 regions for the innervation of the muscles of the limbs:
-The cervical enlargement: includes segments C5 to T1 spinal cord segment and gives rise to the brachial plexus. (contains neuronal soma for the innervation of the upper extremities)
-The lumbosacral enlargement: includes segments L1 to S3 spinal cord segment, and gives rise to the lumbosacral plexus. (contains neuronal soma for the innervation of the lower extremities)
2
Q
- At which vertebral level is the medullary cone located in adults?
A
L1 (Sometimes L2)
3
Q
- What sort of nerve fibers travel in the anterior root?
A
MOTOR fibers: somatomotor and visceromotor fibers
4
Q
- What sort of nerve fibers travel in the posterior root?
A
SENSORY fibers: somatosensory and viscerosensory fibers
5
Q
- Which cisterns are used for CSF withdrawal?
A
Cisterna magna or cerebellomedullary cistern, lumbar cistern.
6
Q
- What are the names of (both potential and real) spaces between the layers of
the spinal meninges?
A
Epidural Space - real
Subdural Space - real
Subarachnoid Space - real
7
Q
- Which pathways travel in the anterior funiculus?
A
Ascending - Ant. Spinothalamic tract and spinoreticular tract
Descending - Ant. Corticospinal tract, tectosoinal tract and olivospinal tract
8
Q
- Which pathways travel in the lateral funiculus?
A
Ascending - lat. spinothalamic tract, dorsal spinocerebellar tract, spinoolivary tract and spinotectal tract.
Descending - lat. corticoscopal tract and Rubrospinal tract.
9
Q
- Which pathways travel in the posterior funiculus?
A
- Fasciculus gracilis
- Fasciculus cuneatus
- Fasciculus septomarginalis
10
Q
- What are Rexed laminae (spinal laminae of Rexed)?
A
Rexed’s laminae is an cytoarchitectural classification of the structure of the gray matter of the spinal cord, based on the cytological features of the neurons in different regions of the gray substance.
11
Q
- How many Rexed laminae are found in the gray matter of spinal cord?
A
10
12
Q
- Where does the 1st cervical nerve exit from the vertebral column?
A
Between the atlas and occipital bone.
13
Q
- Where does the 8th cervical nerve exit from the vertebral column?
A
Between the vertebrae C7 and T1.
14
Q
- What make up the cauda equina?
A
Axons of nerves on levels L1-L5 that give motor and sensory innervation to the legs, bladder, anus and perineum.
Bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of 2nd-5th lumbar nerve pairs,1st-5th sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the filum terminale of the spinal cord.
15
Q
- Which cranial nerves exit from the retro-olivary groove?
A
Glossopharyngeal 9th (CN. IX) and Vagus10th (CN. X) and Accessory Nerve 11th (CN. XI)
16
Q
- Which cranial nerve exits from the pre-olivary groove?
A
Hypoglossal n. (CN. XII)
17
Q
- Which cranial nerves exit from the pontocerebellar angle?
A
Vestibulocochlear n. (CN. VIII.) and facial n. (CN. VII.)
18
Q
- Where does the oculomotor nerve exit from the brainstem?
A
Through the interpeduncular fossa
19
Q
- Where does the trochlear nerve exit from the brainstem?
A
On the dorsal side of the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus.
20
Q
- Where does the trigeminal nerve exit from the brainstem?
A
Rostral anterior surface of pons
At the junction between pons and middle cerebellar peduncle.
21
Q
- Where does the abducent nerve exit from the brainstem?
A
At the junction of the pons and pyramid/ pontomedullary junction or bulbopontine sulcus
22
Q
- Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit from the brainstem?
A
Pre-olivary groove.
23
Q
- What is the name of the floor of 4th ventricle?
A
Rhomboid fossa
24
Q
- What are the names of the outlets of 4th ventricle?
A
Foramen of Magendie (1), Foramina of Luschka (2)
Opening of the central canal at the level of the obex.
25
25. What is the name of the channel which connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct.
26
26. Name the vital centers of reticular formation.
Vital centers: respiratory and circulatory centers
Other centers and functions:
The swallowing center
The cough center
The medullary centers of vomiting Modulation of sleep and consciousness Pain modulation
Habituation
27
27. What is the function of the ventral posteromedial nucleus?
It receives sensory information from the head. Afferentation: trigeminal lemniscus; solitariothalamic tract. Efferentation: postcentral gyrus.
Taste projection: insula. Cortical projection of pain: prefrontal cortex.
28
28. What is the function of the ventral posterolateral nucleus?
It receives sensory information from the body except for the head. Afferentation: Medial lemniscus; spinothalamic tract
Efferentation: postcentral gyrus.
29
29. What is the function of the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei?
Motor function
VA:
Afferentation: globus pallidus, substantia nigra
Efferentation: frontal neocortex (motor and premotor cortex: mainly Br. 4)
VL:
Afferentation: globus pallidus, cerebellar nuclei; Efferentation: premotor cortex (Br. 6)
30
30. What is the function of the anterior thalamic nuclei?
Parts of the limbic system – emotions, memory, behavioral functions
Afferentation: mammillothalamic tract;
Efferentation: cingulate gyrus
31
31. Which thalamic nucleus belongs to the limbic system?
Anterior thalamic nuclei
32
32. Name at least three functions of the hypothalamus.
body homeostasis.
Modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in the vegetative system control and the control of homeostasis.
it is involved in control of thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. It is also connected to the limbic system (The tuberomammillar nucleus is involved in memory due to their connection with the hippocampus and Papez memory circuit)
Endocrine control
Center for autonomic nervous system Thermoregulation
Regulation of food intake
Regulation of body water content Reproduction
The circadian rhythm
33
33. What does the arcuate (infundibular) nucleus produce?
Releasing hormons and Release inhibiting hormones Releasing hormones (liberins): TRH; CRH; GnRH; GHRH
Release inhibiting hormones (statins): Somatostatin; Prolactin IH; etc.
The hormones reach the adenohypophysis through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
34
34. What do the paraventricular and supra-optic nuclei produce?
Vasopressin (ADH), oxytocin
35
35. Which hormone does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin
36
36. What is the interpretation of the association fibers?
They are confined to a hemisphere and connect one cortical area with another.
The association fibers are intrahemispheric tracts (cortex-cortex connections) that connects different areas in the same hemisphere. Sup. longitudinal fasciculus
Inf. longitudinal fasciculus (arcuate fasciculus) Uncinate fasciculus
37
37. What is the interpretation of the commissural fibers?
They connect areas of the two hemispheres.
Commissural fibers/ commissural tracts /commissures are a type of white matter tract that cross the midline, connecting the same cortical area in opposite hemispheres (right-left hemispheric connections).
Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Comissure of the fornix
38
38. Which pathways travel in the anterior limb of internal capsule?
Anterior thalamic radiation; Frontopontine tract
39
39. Which pathways travel in the genu of internal capsule?
Corticonuclear tract
40
40. In which part of the internal capsule does the optic radiation run?
Posterior limb
41
41. In which part of the internal capsule does the acoustic radiation run?
Posterior limb, sublentiform part
42
42. In which part of the internal capsule do the corticospinal fibers?
Posterior limb
43
43. Which branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the internal capsule?
- Anterior limb: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and recurrent artery of Heubner of the anterior cerebral artery (inferior half)
- Posterior limb: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery (superior half) and anterior choroidal artery branch of the internal carotid artery (inferior half)
- Genu: lenticulostriate branches of middle cerebral artery
44
44. In which gyrus is the primary somatomotor area located?
Precentral gyrus
45
45. In which gyrus is the primary somatosensory area located?
Postcentral gyrus
46
46. In which gyrus is the primary auditory area located?
Anterior transverse temporal gyri (Heschl’s convolutions), which is part of the superior temporal gyrus (Br. 41)
47
47. In which gyrus is the primary visual area located?
Upper and lower lips(around) of the calcarine sulcus – Cuneus, lingual gyrus
48
48. In which gyrus is the Broca's motor speech area located?
Inferior frontal gyrus (opercular part and triangular part) Br. 44; 45 on the dominant hemisphere
49
49. In which gyrus is the Wernicke's sensory speech area located?
Supramarginal and angular gyrus, and sup. temporal gyrus
50
50. In which gyrus is the Brodmann areas 3, 1, 2 located?
Postcentral gyrus
51
51. In which gyrus is the Brodmann area 4 located?
Precentral gyrus
52
52. In which gyrus is the Brodmann area 6 located?
Premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex in front of Brodman 4
53
53. In which gyrus is the Brodmann area 8 located?
Frontal eye field in the frontal lobe in front of Brodman 6 in sup. frontal gyrus
54
54. What is the major function of the Brodmann area 17?
Primary visual cortex
55
55. What is the major function of the Brodmann area 22?
Part of sup. temporal gyrus included in the language processing region known as Wernicke's area. (involves complex language and
auditory processing.)
56
56. What is the major function of the Brodmann area 41?
Primary auditory cortex that is responsible for processing of auditory (sound) information.
57
57. What is the major function of the Brodmann areas 44, 45?
Broca’s area this region associated with understanding and producing language, as well as aiding in many language functions (motor speech programming)
58
58. What make up the striatum?
Putamen + caudate nucleus
59
59. Name the cerebellar nuclei.
Dentate ncl., Globose and emboliform nuclei, fastigial nucleus
60
60. Name the lobes of the cerebellum.
Anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes
61
61. Name some functions of the cerebellum.
Coordination of voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
The cerebellum coordinates the planning, timing and initiation of voluntary movements.
62
62. Which artery gives rise to the vertebral artery?
Subclavian artery
63
63. Which direct branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the largest part of
the superolateral surface of cerebral cortex?
Middle cerebral artery
64
64. Which direct branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the largest part of
medial surface of cerebral cortex?
Anterior cerebral artery
65
65. Name three areas of the brain which are devoid of blood-brain barrier.
These are the circumventricular organs:
Area postrema
Pineal gland
Median eminence of infundibulum
OVLT (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis) Subcommissural organ
Subfornical organ
66
66. What are the names of (both potential and real) spaces between the layers of
the cranial meninges?
Epidural space(potential), subdural space(real), subarachnoid space(real)
67
67. Which diencephalic structures are parts of the Papez circuit?
Mammillary body; Anterior thalamic nuclei
68
68. What are the functions of the limbic system?
Emotions, behavior, memory
69
69. What brain areas are connected by the fornix?
Hippocampal formation to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
70
70. What are choroid plexuses? What are their function?
The choroid plexuses is a plexus of cells that arises from the tela choroidea in each of the ventricles of the brain.
Invagination of the vascular pia mater into the ventricles that produce CSF.
71
71. What are the layers of the meninges?
Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater
72
72. Where does the absorption of CSF take place? Which anatomical structures
are involved in this process?
From the subarachnoidal space into the superior sagittal sinuses. Arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian granulations) are involved.
73
73. What is the interpretation of the allocortex?
The allocortex is one of the two types of cerebral cortex,
It is characterized by having just 3-5 cell layers, in contrast with the six layers of the neocortex.
Types:
-archiocortex (3 layers) : includes hippocampus proper + dentate gyrus
-paleocortex (3-5 layers): includes olfactory cortex + parahippocampal gyrus + cingulate gyrus
74
74. What is the interpretation of the isocortex?
Also called neocortex. It is characterized by having 6 cell layers. (primary motor cortex; primary sensory cortex; etc.)
75
75. Which artery passes through the cavernosus sinus?
Internal Carotid A.
76
76. What brain areas does basilar artery supply?
Upper part of medulla, pons, mesencephalon, cerebellum, occipital lobe, inner ear
77
77. Name three association fiber systems of the telencephalon.
Cingulum, superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, uncinate fasciculus, occipito frontal fasciculus, inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus
78
78. Which mesencephalic area contains the highest density of dopaminergic
neurons?
Substantia nigra
79
79. What is the function of the area postrema?
Chemical vomiting centre (chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting)
80
80. Which anatomical/physiological system includes the Papez circuit?
Limbic system
81
81. Name three commissural fiber systems of the telencephalon.
Corpus callosum (connecting two hemisphere), anterior commissure, hippocampal commissure (connecting two hippocampai)
