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1
Q

does erythroprotein timulate differentiation of basophils

A

no- rbc!

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2
Q

t/f: interleukins released by erythroblast to stimulate leukocyte production

A

false
not production- activation

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3
Q

hemoglobin synthesize in

A

bone marrow- not spleen

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4
Q

high rbc vs low rbc

A
  1. dehydration, poly vera (also if high hemoglobin levels)
  2. anemia (low hemoglobin content of blood)
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5
Q

throboprotein

A

platelet synthesis!!

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6
Q

breakdown of hemoglobin to spleen produces

A

bilirubin and AA

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7
Q

MHC-1 VS MHC-2

A
  1. bind to t cells
  2. bind to b-cells
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8
Q

alveolar type I vs II

A

1) form walls of alveolus
2) secrete surficant

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9
Q

histamin

A

inflammation- vasodilation
but…
cause bronchoconstriction in smooth muscle aka airway resistance up

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10
Q

psns (broncho. vs vaso)

A

vasodilation in blood vessels (slow hr,)
in airway bronchoconstriction (up airway resistance)

opposite

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11
Q

PCO2 in airflow increase

A

bronchdilation

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12
Q

destructive lung disease vs restricted lung disease

A
  1. very low FEV1/VC (NOT GREATER THAN 80%)- ASTHMA

2.LUNGS TROUBLE EXPANDING (SCOLIOSIS)

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13
Q

Diaphragm relax vs contract

A

contract during inspiration (positive air in)
relax during expiration

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14
Q

pip

A

always lower than palv

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15
Q

first step of inspiration and expiration

A

Palv=Piv

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16
Q

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

A
  1. (CD4+) Act as the “commanders” of the immune system by coordinating immune responses
  2. (CD8+) Act as the “killers” of the immune system by destroying infected or cancerous cells
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17
Q

Which of the following pressures decreases during inspiration?

A

Intrapleural pressure (Pip)

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18
Q

Which of the following muscles assist in forced expiration? vs Which muscle is primarily responsible for inspiration?

A
  1. Internal intercostals
  2. Diaphragm
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19
Q

(first heart sound) is caused by:
(second heart sound) occurs due to:

A

Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

Closure of the semilunar valves

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20
Q

longest phase of cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular diastole.

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21
Q

when calculating- what does negative and positive mean

A
  • = reabsorption (ISF to capillaries)
    + = filtration (capillaries to ISF)
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22
Q

starling forces: Pc and pic

A

capillary hydristatic p (HP): arteriole 37mmhg to venule 17mmhg

plasma colloid osmotic p: due to non penetrating solutes- 25mmhg

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23
Q

baroreceptor

A

AP rate (too low or too high= changes in stretch- relates to sns/psns & its properties to slow/speed ap)

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24
Q

bee sting=edma
how does this affect starling forces

A

Pc= increase (since inflammation, more blood flowing= dilation so capillaries pressure up)

PIi= increase since up leak of non penetrating solutes

positive net filtration

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25
map effects
MAP= HR X SV X TPR CO (proportionally to map)- co=sv x HR hr= related to sns/psns sv= diff in edv-esv tpr= resistance like vessel length/radius, dilation, etc
26
atrial natriuretic peptide
low MAP
27
MAP if ap freq increase in baroreceptor
low since it causes barareceptor to put back ap to set points- psns=slow hr
28
SNS
release NE binds to both α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptors
29
MAP if vasoconstriction
well tpr will be high so MAP increase
30
myogenic: up stretch vs down stretch
lead to decrease radius of arterioles and vasoconstriction 2. BP drops, the stretch on arteriole walls decreases. Stretch-activated Ca²⁺ channels close, reducing smooth muscle contraction causes vasodilation, decreasing resistance
31
vasopressin and angiostensin II
decrease MAP
32
reactive hypermia
increase in bf followed by period of low perfusion both active and reactive hypermia= vasodilation
33
hypertension/hypo caused by
failures of pressure homeostasis (hyper= chronic increase in tpr primary= obesity, 2= high map
34
hypertension (primary) treatment
exercise ca blockers diuretics (increase urinary excretion of na and h2o
35
albumins
responsble for PI c
36
What is the final product of the coagulation cascade that stabilizes a blood clot?
Fibrin
37
What is the role of thrombin in coagulation?
Converts fibrin into fibrinogen
38
Which pathway is activated by exposure to tissue factor (TF)?
Extrinsic pathway
39
What enzyme breaks down fibrin clots?
Plasmin
40
What is the final product of the coagulation cascade that stabilizes a blood clot?
Fibrin
41
what decreases amount of thrombin produced in clot
ca deffiency
42
positive feedback in intrinsic vs extrinsic
1. thrombin 2. extrinsic= factor x
43
serotonin, endothelin-1 in vessels
vasocon
44
B and T lymphocytes made in
bone marrow and thymus gland
45
antibody binds to CD4+ what happens
supression of helper t cells
46
how many heme and protein chains hemoglobin
4 each on heme= transports o2 on globin protein= transports co2
47
IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG
IgA (Mucosal & secretions) IgE (Allergies & parasites) IgM (Mega, first produced) IgG (Greatest, most abundant, long-term immunity)
48
Secondary lymphoid tissue in
GALT, SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES
49
DEFFIECIENCY IN INTERFERON
SEVERE COVID AND DECREASE nkc
50
reticulates
where erythocytes are formed from
51
Pip is higher when... and more negative when
relax (inspiration) contract (expiration)
52
cause of arterioles to dilate
up adenosine levels E on beta 2 (opposite in arterioles) up CO2 up hydrogen
53
platelet plug: what happens that is involved in vasocon at site of wound
release of throboxane A2 PHOS IN PLATELET MEM SEROTONIN
54
WHAT HAPPENS IN INFLAMMATION
UP OSMOTIC P of injured tissue release of IL-8 ACTS AS CHEMOTOXIN COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ACTIVATED RELEASE IL-1 (cause fever)
55
up volume of thoraicic cavity= up pressure in lungs
false: m1v1=m2v2
56
intralveolar P (Palv).... when relaxing
increases
57
Mast cells release
Histamin- not pain
58
Bradykinin
Pepetide. Key role in inflammation (Vasodilation, pain)
59
O2 dependent vs O2 independent
killing is more effective and relies on the production of ROS Dont rely on o2 just uses antibodies,enzymes,etc.
60
NKCs
Kill any cell lacking MHC-1
61
Self tolerance is created by
Clonal deletion of t and b cells (not expansion) Testing t&b cell receptors (tcr and bcr) w/ diff self antigens (not foreign antigens)
62
blocking K+ channels will
slow HR slow repolarization
63
tunica intima secretes...
paracrines that control vasocon/di
64
what inhibits clotting factors V and VII
protein c (not herapin!)
65
T cell receptors of helper t cells bind to antigen on...
MHC-II proteins (not cytotoxic t cells!!)
66
IgG involved in...
passive humoral immunity- mother to fetus
67
exercise: sns stimulation causes heart rate to increase by
up ca and Na influx during peacemaker potential decrease length of pacemaker potential but not AP
68
histamin released by
mast cells and basophills
69
macrophages and mast cells release
chemotaxins to attract phagocytes
70
to stop migraine
endothelium-1 serotonin vasopressi
71
plasma protein loss affcts capillary exchange and result=
increased capillary filtratiol leading to edma
72
if someone has low lung compliece what affects in aairflow expiration/ins
decrease air flow in inspiration increased airflow in expiration
73
tunica media results in venoconstriction which...
increase viscosity of blood and venus resturn
74
Pip is greater when... MORE NEGATIVE WHEN
air goes out (relaxing aka expiration) AIR IN (CONTRACTING AKA EXPIRATION)

term 2 (18 decks)

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