Questions Flashcards
(232 cards)
1
Q
What groups can Group AB can safely donate blood to?
A
AB
1
Q
The plasma membrane is freely permeable to: 1. Steroid hormones 2. Potassium ions 3. Sodium ions 4. ATP
A
1
1
Q
Calcitonin
A
Decreases raised plasma calcium and phosphate levels.
1
Q
Oxytocin
A
Produced in posterior pituitary In Women: - targets uterus and breasts - stimulates contaction of uterine muscles in labour - encourages milk flow in breasts after labour In Men: - targets testes - plays a role in testosterone production and sperm movement
1
Q
Regarding the autonomic nervous system 1. the main neurotransmitter substance released at target organs of the sympathetic nerves is acetylcholine 2. the parasympathetic division leaves the spinal cord at levels T2-L4 3. the parasympathetic division normally has short pre-ganglionic fibres 4. the main neurotransmitter substance released at target organs of the parasympathetic nerves is acetylcholine.
A
4
1
Q
The cell membrane is 1. more positively charged than the exterior 2. more negatively charged than the exterior 3. electrically neutral to the exterior 4. positively charged whenever the sodium/potassium ATPase is active.
A
2
1
Q
Which of the following hormones is responsible for the reabsorption of water only in the nephron? 1. erythropoietin 2. ADH 3. ANP 4. aldosterone
A
2
1
Q
The wall of the trachea possesses: 1. c-shaped “rings” of hyaline cartilage 2. stratified squamous epithelium 3. type II septal cells 4. lies posterior to the oesophagus.
A
1
1
Q
Describe pancreatic duct cells
A
Secrete bicarbonate (alkaline) to neutralise stomach acidity
1
Q
Describe CCK
A
Cholecystokinin For digestion Secreted into duodenum Stimulates contraction of gall bladder
1
Q
Describe sphincter of oddi
A
Where bile opens into duodenum Relaxed (opened) by CCK
1
Q
How many oxygen atoms are found in one molecule of carbonic acid (chemical formula H2CO3)
- ) 1
- ) 2
- ) 3
- ) 4
A
3
1
Q
Histamine causes:
- ) The death of infectious microorganisms
- ) Some of the signs and symptoms of inflammation
- ) Some of the functions of T-cell lymphocytes
- ) The bonding of T-cell lymphocytes to infectious microorganisms
A
2
1
Q
Anatomy of right lung?
A
3 lobes, 2 fissures
1
Q
during swallowing?
A
larynx is pulled up, epiglottis goes down to cover laryngeal inlet
2
Q
90-92% of plasma is …
A
Water
2
Q
Oestrogen
A
Stops FSH so only one egg is matured Tells pituitary to release LH It is a hormone in the combined pill (mimics pregnancy) Oestrogen stops in menopause
2
Q
What are the two functional parts of the somatic nervous system? 1. Upper and lower motor neurons 2. Motor and sensory 3. Central and peripheral 4. Parasympathetic and sympathetic
A
2
2
Q
The shoulder joint: 1. is an example of a saddle joint 2. is an example of an amphiarthrosis 3. is an example of a synarthrosis 4. permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation
A
2
2
Q
Compared to veins arteries have a.) smaller lumen b.) thinner walls c.) slower blood flow d.) lower blood pressure
A
a
2
Q
Which of the following hormones regulate fluid balance?
- ) erythropoietin
- ) antidiuretic hormone
- ) rennin
- ) oestrogen
A
2
3
Q
LDLs found in the plasma a.) act to reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood b.) have a high protein/fat ration c.) develop into vdls d.) transport cholesterol from the liver to tissues
A
D
3
Q
What does mitochondria do?
A
Sites of aerobic respiration; power house
4
Q
Which of the following cells is diploid: 1. Secondary spermatocyte 2. spermatozoan 3. spermatogonia 4. spermatid
A
3
4
Plasma membrane proteins on a cell will transport:
1. )oxygen into the cell
2. )carbon dioxide into the cell
3. )molecules through the cell membrane
4. )all of the above
3
4
Passive immunisation is the process of:
1. ) Being immunised whilst asleep
2. ) Letting someone immunize you
3. ) Producing your own antibodies
4. ) Receiving antibodies from an immune person
4
5
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Released from hypothalamus Tells us to drink Produced by posterior pituitary
6
B-cell lymphocytes mature in the:
1. ) Brain
2. ) Bone marrow
3. ) Thymus
4. ) Blood
2
7
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - in males
Stimulates gamete production Stimulates secretion of testosterone
9
The term used to describe blood cell formation is
Haemopoesis
10
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is secreted from the: 1. Chief cells 2. Acinar cells 3. Parietal cells 4. Goblet cells
3
11
Prolactin
Allows milk production
13
In the sympathetic nervous system: 1. the post-ganglionic nerve fibres are short 2. the chemical transmitter substance released at the majority of neuroeffector junctions (i.e. the junction between the post-ganglionic neurone and the target organ) is acetylcholine 3. the pre-ganglionic nerve fibres are long 4. the pre-ganglionic nerve fibres leave the spinal cord at thoraco-lumbar levels.
4
13
Nociceptors 1. only respond to chemical stimuli 2. are present in all body tissues 3. are sensitive to the chemical substances released by damaged cells or tissues 4. have a low threshold for activation 5. are the free nerve endings of unmyelinated fibres
3
13
Pinocytosis means cells:
1. ) producing energy
2. ) drinking water
3. ) going through mitosis
4. ) replicating
2
14
Secretin
Secretin acts on 1. pancreatic duct cells -\> water and sodium bicarbonate 2. liver → secrete bile 3. stomach → decrease gastric motility & secretion
15
Which of the following statements on muscle tissue is true?
1. ) Smooth muscle is striated
2. ) Skeletal muscle is voluntary
3. ) Cardiac muscle is non-striated
4. ) Smooth muscle is in-voluntary
4
16
Regarding ABO and Rhesus blood groups which statement is correct: 1. Group AB people will usually produce a reaction to group O blood 2. People who are blood group A will produce anti-B antibodies 3. People who are blood group A will produce anti-A antibodies 4. People who have blood group O must have two parents who are blood group O
2
17
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) will cause: 1. A decrease in bronchiole diameter 2. An increase in pupil diameter 3. An increase in gastrointestinal activity 4. A decrease in plasma glucose levels
2
17
Upper respiratory tract consists of:
cilia, columnar cells and goble
19
Describe renin?
Renin, enzyme secreted by the kidney that is part of a physiological system that regulates blood pressure. In the blood, renin acts on angiotensinogen, resulting in the release of angiotensin I.
20
What is produced by the choroid plexus of the ventricles?
CSF - Cerebrospinal fluid
21
What antibodies does group AB blood have?
none
21
Which of the following is the correct pathway for the transfer of sensory information from the nociceptor to the brain? 1. Nociceptor – Ventral horn of spinal cord – Spinothalamic tract – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex. 2. Nociceptor – Dorsal horn of spinal cord – Spinothalamic tract – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex. 3. Nociceptor – Spinothalamic tract – Dorsal horn of spinal cord –– Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex. 4. Nociceptor – Dorsal horn of spinal cord – Corticospinal tract – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Sensory cortex. 5. Sensory cortex – Ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus – Spinothalamic tract – Dorsal horn of spinal cord – Nociceptor.
2
22
What is MCV?
The mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume (MCV), is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (or red blood cell).
23
Describe parietal cells
Produce HCL Contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
23
The chemical formula 2H + 2H = 2O gives us 2 molecules of:
1. ) A monosaccharide
2. ) A lipid
3. ) Water
4. ) Air
3
24
Within connective tissue what is the function of the extracellular matrix?
1. ) To ensure connective tissue can bear weight and withstand tension
2. ) Filter blood and remove waste products
3. ) Transmit impulses through connective tissue
4. ) Analyse levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
1
25
The proximal tubule of the nephron 1. has an active transport carrier for water molecules 2. is impermeable to chloride ions 3. reabsorbs most of the sodium ions in the glomerular filtrate 4. has an active transport carrier for urea molecules
3
26
Negative feedback control systems are involved in the control of: 1. formation of a blood clot (coagulation of blood) 2. Sodium entry during the generation of an action potential 3. Oxytocin stimulation of uterine contractions during labour 4. body temperature
4
27
Arterial baroreceptors: 1. Increase their discharge rate when there is an increase in arterial blood pressure 2. Detect changes in pH of the blood 3. are osmoreceptors 4. are present in the carotid and aortic bodies
1
27
A role of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is to:
1. ) Activate the complement system
2. ) Activate the T-cell lymphocytes
3. ) Activate the kinin system
4. ) Activate the process of inflammation
1
28
How many chromosomes does a fertilised ovum contain?
46 (23 pairs)
29
Describe the negative feedback of red blood cell synthesis?
Tissue hypoxia -\> kidneys secrete erythropoetin -\> red bone marrow increases erythropoesis -\> red blood cell numbers rise -\> tissue hypoxia reversed
29
Describe saliva
Contains amylase which breaks down carbohydrates From acinar cells in salivary glands
30
Describe proton pump
h2o + co2 = h+ + hco3- pumps into stomach (not blood)
31
What groups can Group B safely received blood from?
B, O
32
Describe IgM
Immunoglobulin M Found in blood and lymph Produce by B cells Anttibody
33
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found: 1. lining the trachea 2. lining the blood vessels. 3. at the surface of the skin 4. in the thyroid gland
4
33
Which of the following statements can be applied to the analgesic morphine? 1. Morphine can cause severe diarrhoea 2. Morphine inhibits the enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2 3. Morphine can cause respiratory depression 4. Morphine is available over-the-counter 5. Morphine can be used as an antipyretic
3
34
Describe blood flow through the heart
Aorta -\> systemic arterial network -\> capillaries of body tissue -\> systemic venous network -\> vana cava -\> right atrium -\> right av (tricuspid) valve -\> right ventricle -\> pulmonary valve -\> pulmonary arteries -\> lungs -\> pulmonary veins -\> left atrium -\> left av (bicuspid) valve -\> left ventricle -\> aortic valve -\> aorta
36
Progesterone
Prepares the body for pregnancy Thickens cervical mucus It is the hormone in the pill
37
Thyroxine is an example of: 1. An amine hormone 2. Peptide hormone 3. A steroid hormone 4. It is not a hormone it is an enzyme
1
38
Select the odd one out. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually associated with 1. constipation 2. gastric bleeding 3. increased gastric acid secretion 4. nausea 5. decreased secretion of gastric mucus
1
39
Formation of HCO3- in systemic blood 1. accounts for approximately 10% of carbon dioxide transported 2. is assisted by oxygenation of haemoglobin 3. occurs almost exclusively in the plasma 4. results in the formation of H+
4
40
Which of the following are functions of epithelial tissue?
1. ) Absorption
2. ) Protection
3. ) Secretion
4. ) All of the above
4
41
Describe pancreatic beta cells
Secrete insulin
43
Leutinising Hormone - in females
A surge of LH causes ovulation because it increases progesterone levels, causing ovarian walls to contract - releasing eggs
43
The left ventricle of the heart 1. ejects blood into the aorta 2. possesses papillary muscles whose role is to open the mitral valve 3. forms the base of the heart 4. has a thinner wall than the right ventricle
1
43
Glucagon is: 1. Secreted from pancreatic β-cells 2. A hormone that decreases blood glucose levels 3. A hormone increases blood glucose levels 4. A stored form of glucose
3
44
Leutinising Hormone - in males
Makes testes secrete testosterone
44
when a cell is in a hypotonic solution a.) na+ moves in b.) na+ moves out c.) water moves in d.) water moves out
c
44
Which tissue type has the greatest capacity to regenerate?
1. ) Muscle
2. ) Epithelial
3. ) Nervous
4. ) Connective
2
45
Hyponatraemia is:
1. ) low sodium
2. ) low potassium
3. ) low chloride
4. ) red blood cell count
1
47
Which of the following is the mucous membrane that changes during menstrual cycle in response to hormones: 1. Epimycium 2. Myometrium 3. Perimetrium 4. Endometrium
4
48
Cells are composed of:
1. ) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen
2. ) hydrogen, carbon, sodium, and potassium
3. ) sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen
4. ) nitrogen, oxygen, calcium and carbon
1
50
Chemical synapses in the nervous system: 1.) can't be influenced by pharmacological agents 2.) release neurotransmitter from pre synaptic vesicles 3.) always cause excitation of the post synaptic neuron 4.) allow transmission of signals in both directions
2
52
Chemical synapses in the nervous system allow signals in which direction?
Only one
52
Atmospheric pressure is important in the process of:
1. ) Blood flow
2. ) Micturition
3. ) Breathing
4. ) Reproduction
3
53
Which white blood cells are phagocytes?
Neutrophils and eosinophils
55
Which of the following is NOT an example of a non-specific defence: 1. Phagocytes 2. Fever 3. Vaccination 4. Skin
3
56
Haemolysis is carried out by
Reticuloendothelial cells in liver, spleen and bone marrow
57
What do platelets secrete?
Clotting factors
58
ESR stands for?
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which is the time it takes for rbcs to settle
60
These chemicals travel from the gland of origin to distant tissues
Hormones
61
Red blood cell break down is called
Haemolysis
62
Gastrin
Contracts the gastric wall, and activates the secretion of pepsinogen (protein digestion) and HCl
63
The anterior pituitary gland: 1. releases oxytocin 2. forms the floor and walls of the third ventricle 3. secretes ACTH 4. is connected to the hypothalamus by the neurohypophysis
3
63
Does expiration use internal or external intercostals?
Internal
63
Which of the following is not a type of loose connective tissue
1. Areolar
2. Reticular
3. Adipose
4. Irregular
3
64
The number of membrane carrier molecules determines the rate of
facilitated diffusion
66
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates growth and development of follicles (eggs). Promotes secretion of oestrogen by the ovaries, which helps follicle formation. Also promotes inhibin by ovaries.
67
What antibodies does group A blood have?
Anti B
68
Homeostasis means: 1.) regulating body temp 2.) integrating functions of several organs 3.) maintaining a stable internal environment 4.) preventing any change in organisms
3
69
Cardiac output: 1. is determined by EDV x stroke volume 2. is determined by heart rate x stroke volume 3. is normally about 1 litre.min-1 in human adults at rest 4. is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat
2
71
Parathyroid hormone
Increases plasma Calcium levels
72
What antibodies does group B blood have?
Anti A
73
Which of the following membranes is also referred to as the serosa?
1. Mucous
2. Serous
3. Dense
4. Synovial
2
74
Which of the following statements is true?
1. ) Squamous epithelial cells are cube shaped
2. ) Stratified epithelium consists of a single layer of cells
3. ) Stratified cuboidal epithelial will have multiple layers of cells
4. ) Simple columnar epithelium consists of flat and scale like cells
3
75
Which test result(s) is / are in the normal range for peripheral venous blood in a healthy 25 year old male? 1. Packed cell volume: 29% 2. Haemoglobin: 13g/dl 3. Red cell count: 10.5 x 10^12 /L 4. Mean cell Volume: 65fl
2
76
Skeletal muscle: 1. contracts spontaneously in the absence of innervation 2. contains pacemaker cells 3. is under voluntary (willed) control 4. is caused to relax by hormones
3
77
What is ovulation and how often does it occur?
Surge of leutinising hormone Occurs once a month on day 14
78
The cell organelle which is the site responsible for protein synthesis is the 1. golgi apparatus 2. ribosome 3. nucleus 4. mitochondrion
2
80
Trypsin: 1.) released by pancreatic duct cells 2.) brush border enzymes 3.) activates pro-peptides in the duodenum 4.) is responsible for the chemical digestion of polysaccharides
3.)
82
Renin release: 1. is promoted by reduced arteriolar stretch in the glomerulus 2. directly acts on ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) 3. tends to decrease plasma volume 4. inhibits aldosterone release
1
83
This is mainly responsible for blood viscosity
Albumin
83
What antigens does group AB blood have?
A, B
83
One purpose of lymph nodes is to:
1. ) Trap macrophages
2. ) Trap antigens
3. ) Trap antibodies
4. ) Trap hormones
2
84
On the electrocardiogram (ECG) 1. the QRS complex represents ventricular repolarisation 2. there is normally no wave associated with atrial repolarisation. 3. the R-R interval will increase if there is an increase in heart rate 4. the P wave represents ventricular depolarisation
2
84
Name the 12 cranial nerves and state whether they are sensory, motor or both
Olfactory - sensory
Optic - sensory
Occulomotor - motor
Trochlear - motor
Trigeminal - both
Abducens - motor
Facial - both
Vestibulocochlear (acoustic) - sensory
Glossopharyngeal - both
Accessory (spinal) - both
Hypoglossal - motor
motor
86
What antigens does group A blood have?
Antigen A
87
Saliva: 1.) Is released by goblet cells in mouth 2.) Contains IgM antibodies 3.) Has pH range of 2-3 4.) Initiates the digestion of carbohydrates
4
87
During quiet inspiration a.) air enters lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is equal b.) the diaphragm relaxes into its dome shape c.) the external intercostals are in a relaxed state d.) the internal intercostals contract to elevate the rib cage
a
89
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs i.e.
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
90
In the sensory pathway 1o neurons have a : 1. cell body in thalamus, axon terminates in cerebral cortex 2. cell body in spinal cord or medulla, axon crosses over (from right to left or left to right) 3. receptor in periphery, cell body in dorsal root ganglion or sensory ganglion in the head 4. connection between the spinal cord and a skeletal muscle
3
91
Scar tissue formation is also known as….
1. ) Fibrosis
2. ) Granulation
3. ) Mitosis
4. ) Necrosis
1
93
Where is the primary sensory cortex located a.) temporal lobe b.) parietal lobe c.) occipital lobe d.) frontal lobe
b
94
Aldosterone
It is a hormone made by the adrenal glands to control and regulate the sodium levels in the body It acts on the kidneys It is a steroid hormone
96
Which white blood cells release histamine?
Basophils
96
The layers of the digestive tract in the correct order, from the interior to outward are: 1. serosa, mucularis, externa, mucosa, submucosa 2. serosa, mucularis externa, submucosa, mucosa 3. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa 4. submucosa, mucosa, mucularis externa, serosa
3
98
What antigens does group O blood have?
none
99
The following proteins are NOT involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle: 1. actin 2. myosin 3. calmodulin 4. troponin
3
100
Which blood cells are granulocytes?
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
102
Does inspiration use internal or external intercostals?
External
104
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Stimulates the release of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
106
Which substance forms approximately 20% of air?
1. ) Carbon dioxide
2. ) Nitrous oxide
3. ) Oxygen
4. ) Hydrogen
3
107
Which of the following class of lipoproteins removes the cholesterol from the blood and returns it to liver for elimination? 1. VLDL 2. Chylomicrons 3. LDLs 4. HDLs
4
108
Osteoblasts: 1. secrete osteoid and are responsible for mineral deposition 2. maintain the bone matrix 3. remove mineral from the matrix 4. develop into osteoblasts
1
109
What groups can Group B can safely donate blood to?
B, AB
111
When the b cell divides which two cells are formed?
Plasma cells
Memory b cells
112
Progesterone: 1. causes the endometrium to break down 2. levels increase substantially after ovulation 3. regulation involves a positive feedback mechanism 4. is released from the posterior pituitary
2
113
Active transport system utilises:
1. ) ATP
2. ) hydrogen ions
3. ) acid-bicarbonate buffer system
4. ) phosphate buffer
1
114
What groups can Group O safely received blood from?
O
115
Prokaryotic cells 1. Are found in all multi-cellular organisms 2. Have extensive organelles 3. Lack a nucleus 4. Divide by mitosis
3
117
Which type of white blood cells kill parasites?
Eosinophils
117
State some function of the cerebellum
Balance, co-ordination, posture
119
By what process do oogenia turn into oocytes?
Oogenesis - meiosis (23 chromosomes)
120
Describe pepsinogen
Secreted by chief cells of gastric glands Inactive precursor to pepsin Converted to pepsin by HCl during digestion
121
Relative to the elbow, the wrist is: 1. medial 2. distal 3. lateral 4. proximal
2
123
What antibodies does group O blood have?
Anti A, Anti B
124
Parietal cells: 1.) possess a proton pump on the basolateral membrane 2.) secrete pepsinogen 3.) contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase 4.) secrete an alkaline substance to increase pH in stomach
3
126
Oedema may result from:
1. ) lymphatic blockage
2. ) hypertension
3. ) drinking large amount of beer
4. ) diabetes insipidus
1
128
An increase in mean arterial blood pressure may result from: 1. a decrease in total peripheral resistance 2. dilation of arterioles 3. an decrease in discharge of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves 4. an increase in cardiac output
4
130
Adrenaline
Also a neurotransmitter Plays an important role in the endocrine and nervous system It is a stress horemone
131
The life span of a red blood cell is
120 days
133
What groups can Group AB safely received blood from?
AB, A, B, O
135
What proportion of all body cells is made up of red blood cells?
25%
136
Testosterone
A male sex hormone which causes male sex characteristics It is secreted by Leydig cells in the testes It is a Steroid hormone
137
Erythropoetin (EPO)
Stimulates the production of RBC at the kidney and liver The trigger for it is Hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
138
What are kupffer cells?
Hepatic macrophages in the liver
139
CCK: 1.) Stimulates contraction of gall bladder 2.) Closes spincter of oddi 3.) Released in respone to presence of HCl in ileum 4.) Stimulates pancreatic duct cell to produce insulin
1
141
An important non-nintrogenous waste is carried as this
Bicarbonate ions
142
Contraction of the heart 1. raises the pressure in the right atrium to about 120 mmHg. 2. occurs at a higher frequency if the parasympathetic (vagal) nerves are stimulated 3. is normally initiated at the atrial-ventricular node 4. is more forceful in the presence of adrenaline
4
143
Which two vitamins are essential for red blood cell maturation?
b12 and folic acid
144
Which white blood cells can be converted to macrophages?
Moncytes
144
Collagen is NOT present in the matrix of: 1. blood 2. ligaments 3. bone 4. loose connective tissue (areolar tissue)
1
145
What are the 4 types of T cells?
Suppressor t-cells
helper t-cells
memory t-cells
cytotoxic t-cells
145
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
Manufacture proteins exported from cells are manufactured here
146
These molecules are also called immunoglobulins
Antibodies
147
Describe goblet cells
Secrete mucous Specialised epithelial cells Found in respiratory system, digestive system and conjunctiva in upper eyelid
148
During inspiration: 1. pressure in the alveoli is less than atmospheric pressure 2. the lungs deflate 3. the abdominal contents are displaced headwards 4. the diaphragm relaxes
1
149
Why don't chemical synapses always cause excitation?
They can release inhibitory neurotransmitters
150
Which of the following statements can be applied to aspirin? 1. Aspirin is effective against mild pain 2. Aspirin can safely be given to patients taking anticoagulant drugs 3. Aspirin is combined with paracetamol to produce the preparation, co-codamol 4. Aspirin is a selective inhibitor of the COX-2 enzyme 5. Aspirin can be administered to children of all ages
1
152
Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton: 1. Provides leverage for movement 2. Protects internal organs 3. Stores Iron 4. Produces blood cells
3
154
Haemolysis releases
Iron which is stored in the liver to form new haemoglobin Protein which is converted to bilverdin then bilirubin then bound to a plasma protein and transported to the liver where it's excreted as bile
156
A general term for ions e.g. phosphates in bodily fluid
Electrolyte
156
Which type of white blood cells are there lots of in lymph nodes?
Lymphocytes
157
Haemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into: 1. a 0.9% saline solution 2. a hypotonic solution 3. a hypertonic solution 4. an isotonic solution
2
158
The lag phase of the primary immune response to infection can occur after between:
1. ) 1-5 days
2. ) 307 days
3. ) 1-10 days
4. ) 5-10 days
4
159
Insulin
It's released by pancreatic beta calls to decrease blood sugar levels
160
Anti-natriuretic Hormone (ANP)
Regualates Renal and Heart homeostasis Also controls Sodium too It is a peptide horemone
161
Red blood cells are released into the circulation as which type of immature cell?
Reticulocyte
162
The movement of fluid between compartments is regulated by:
1. ) osmotic and hydrostatic pressures
2. ) ATP
3. ) glomerular filtration rate
4. ) parathyroid hormone
1
163
Most cells have ____ chromosomes and divide by \_\_\_\_
46 mitosis
165
The follow hormone stimulates gastric motility and secretion: 1. Gastrin 2. Thyroxine 3. CCK 4. Secretin
1
166
The carbon atom is important in bioscience because we are all:
1. ) Breathing carbon dioxide
2. ) Carbon-based entities
3. ) Made up entirely of organic molecules
4. ) Made up only of metal elements
2
167
Which of the following cells are involved in the humoral response? 1. Cytotoxic T cells 2. B cells 3. Eosinophils 4. Supressor T cells
2
168
The following pathway describes lymphatic flow 1. systemic circulation Þ capillaries Þ larger vessels Þ lymph nodes Þ larger vessels Þ thoracic duct Þ left subclavian vein 2. Capillaries Þ larger vessels Þ lymph nodes Þ larger vessels Þ thoracic duct Þ left subclavian vein Þ systemic circulation 3. thoracic duct Þ capillaries Þ lymph nodes Þ larger vessels Þ left subclavian vein Þ larger vessels Þ systemic circulation 4. lymph nodes Þ capillaries Þ larger vessels Þ larger vessels Þ left subclavian vein Þ thoracic duct Þ systemic circulation
2
169
Cytokines are chemical messengers which:
1. ) Promote inflammation
2. ) Kill infecting microorganisms
3. ) Produce antibodies
4. ) Cause pain
1
170
Which of the following statements are false?
1. )Endocrine glands secrete their products internally
2. )Multicellular exocrine glands consist of a single cell type
3. )Goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands
4. )Tubular exocrine glands are found in the digestive system
3
171
Where does the production of red blood cells take place?
red bone marrow
172
These provide the building blocks for new tissue proteins
Amino acids
173
Extracellular fluid differs from intracellular fluid, in adults, in that its 1. anions are mainly organic 2. pH is lower (more acid) 3. chloride concentration is lower 4. tonicity is lower 5. volume is smaller
5
174
Describe HCl
Produced in stomach by parietal cells Kills bacteria eaten with food
175
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) 1. makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water 2. is secreted by the adrenal glands 3. is released in response to an increase in blood volume 4. increases urine output
1
176
Describe trypsin
It's an enzyme It breaks down proteins Released by pancreas from acinar cells Activates propeptides in the duodenum
178
The antibodies (agglutinins) found in blood of a person with o+ are: a.) none b.) anti rhesus only c.) anti a, anti b d.) anti b only
c
180
Thyroxine
It regulates metabolism (T4)
181
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the breakdown of T3 and T4
183
What is a phagocyte?
Body cells which consume and destroy foreign materials
184
Glucagon: a.) stimulates glycogenolysis b.) is secreted from pancreatic beta-cells c.) stimulates glycogenesis d.) is a polysaccharide stored in the liver
A
185
What groups can Group A can safely donate blood to?
A, AB
186
This substance is needed for haemoglob in synthesis
Iron
187
Phagocytosis takes place in:
1. ) Red blood cells
2. ) Lymphocytes
3. ) Neutrophils
4. ) Platelets
3
189
Which of the following are examples of a micronutrients? 1. Proteins 2. Minerals 3. Water 4. Fats
2
190
Describe brush border enzymes
Brush border=microvilli Include maltase, lactase and peptidases
191
What pharmacological agents influence chemical synapses in the nervous system?
Nicotinic agonists SSRIs
192
What does fertilisation form?
Zygote
193
Suring the depolarization of the nerve cell plasma membrane: 1. Potassium channels open and potassium moves into the cell 2. Potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell 3. Sodium channels open and sodium moves out of the cell 4. Sodium channels open and sodium ions moves in to the cell
4
194
the larynx wall is composed of nine pieces of cartilage to
maintain open airways
195
Which of the following are examples of endocrine glands? 1. the mammary glands 2. sweat glands 3. the adrenal glands 4. salivary glands
3
196
Striated (striped) muscle is found in the: 1. the cardiac sphincter 2. blood vessels 3. walls of bronchioles 4. diaphragm
4
197
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Produced and secreted by anterior pituitary Causes increased production and released of cortisol
198
Describe gastrin
Peptide hormone Stimulates production of gastric acid Stimulates growth of stomach lining Acts as disinfectant in the stomach
200
Clinical testing of reflex arcs can: 1. help identify the site or level of lesions 2. involve voluntary movements 3. only be carried out if the patient is conscious 4. test the integrity of an autonomic nerve
1
201
Thyroglobulin
It is the precursor for T3 and T4
202
In negative feedback control systems involved in homeostasis 1. the effector tissue is often muscle or a gland 2. the effector changes the controlled variable in the same direction to the initial stimulus. 3. the efferent pathway to the effector usually uses the somatic nervous system 4. The presence of a sensory receptor is an advantage but not essential
1
204
Homeostasis: 1. refers to the maintenance of a constantly changing internal environment 2. often involves positive feedback control mechanisms 3. causes fluctuations in the cells external environment 4. usually involves continuous activity of sensory receptors.
4
205
What groups can Group A safely received blood from?
A, O
206
Describe a hypotonic solution
High concentration of waster (dilute) so H20 moves into cell
207
Which blood cells are agranulocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
209
What antigens does group B blood have?
Antigen B
210
The three basic FIBRE types in connective tissue are: 1. collagen, reticular and elastic 2. tendons, ligaments, elastic ligaments 3. cartilage, bone and collagen 4. loose dense and irregular
1
211
The thymus is where T-cell lymphocytes:
1. ) Recognise the body's own cells
2. ) Produce antibodies
3. ) Phagocytose antigens
4. ) Become NK cells
1
212
What groups can Group O can safely donate blood to?
AB, A, B, O
213
What is a macrophage?
A phagocytic cells usually found in connective tissue
215
This is the principal fuel source for body cells
Glucose
216
Nucleic acids consist of:
1. ) Organic molecules
2. ) Inorganic molecules
3. ) Inorganic salts
4. ) Hormones
1
217
Glucagon
It is a hormone released by pancreatic alpha cells to increase blood sugar levels Opposite to insulin
219
What is hematocrit?
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
220
This is needed for healthy bones and teeth
Phosphate and calcium
221
The fluid portion of the blood is:
1. ) caffeine
2. ) cytasol
3. ) lymph
4. ) plasma
4
222
HCl: 1.) Activates calcium to aid its absorption 2.) Released from acinar cells in pancreas 3.) kills microbes eaten with food 4.) deactivates gastrin
3
223
In adult males, the percentage of water found in the body is:
1. ) 65%
2. ) 60%
3. ) 55%
4. ) 78%
2
225
Cholecystokynin (CCK)
It is released in the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine It leads to the secretion of Secretin
226
S.I. units are standardised:
1. ) Units of molecules
2. ) Units of cells
3. ) Units of substances
4. ) Units of measurements
4
227
Examples of opsonins are:
1. ) Complement factors; antigens
2. ) Eosinophils; phagocytes
3. ) Antibodies; antigens
4. ) Complement factors; immunoglobulins
4
228
The plasma membrane of a human cell is:
1. ) a membrane that contains pili on its cell surface
2. ) a double layer of carbohydrate enclosing the cell
3. ) a single layered cell membrane
4. ) a double layer of phospholipids
4
229
Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) is calculated as follows: 1. Haemoglobin concentration (g/L) of whole blood / 10 2. Haemoglobin concentration (g/l) of whole blood / red cell count 3. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) / Red Cell Count x 10 4. Haemoglobin concentration (g/L) of whole blood x 10 / PCV
2
230
Name the 3 coming off the aorta?
Brachiocephalic Common carotid Subclavian
231
The chemical formula of sodium chloride is:
1. ) SoCl
2. ) NaCl
3. ) SCl
4. ) KCl
2
232
Which is the most abundant tissue in the human body?
1. )Epithelial
2. )Connective
3. )Muscle
4. )Nervous
2
