questions Flashcards by ashlie harder

what are the 4 components of a PICO question?

Patient or problem
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

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background questions are about?

disorder, syndrome or condition

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foreground questions are about?

patient care= clinical questions

PICO

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what are different types of PICO questions?

Therapy
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Harm

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what are the steps of the EBCP evidence cycle?

Ask- clinically relevant question
Acquire- best evidence
Appraise- quality and importance
Apply- evidence in patient care

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which type of research takes place in a carefully controlled laboratory, wants to explain simple questions in science and isn’t clinically applicable?

basic research

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which type of research offers direct clinical applicability, can take place in lab or non-lab settings, goal is to find direct solutions to practical problems?

clinical research

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what are the 2 sources that determine strength of evidence?

sampling

research methods

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what is the order of hierarchy of evidence?

systematic reviews and meta-analyses
RCTs
non-randomized, observational studies (case control or cohort)
case series, case studies, surveys

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which type of research is a report of a presentation, treatment and outcome of a patient (case report) or group of patients?

case study

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what type of research is good for gathering data about trends in healthcare or prevalence in disease and is also a good way to measure feelings of people on different subjects?

survey research

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what type of research would be called retrospective design where you start with patients who have a disease and match them with a group of controls who are without the disease but in all other ways are identical?

case control study- example 2 groups who both have lung cancer but one group smoked and the other didn’t all same age, sex and similar health profiles

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what are case control studies great for?

rare conditions
ethically difficult studies
limited resources

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what type of research is retrospective or prospective, and looks at a group of people who share a common experience within a defined time period?

cohort studies- tend to be long term studies

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which cohort study looks at a group in the present and then measures them in the future?

prospective

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which cohort study looks a group in the present and looks at similarities from the past?

retrospective

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what is the best type of study to show causation?

RCTs

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what are some advantages of an RCT?

less chance of bias
equalize placebo effect
equal distribution of prognostic factors

downfall- EXPENSIVE

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what is a systematic review that statistically combines the results of all included trials?

meta-analysis

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what are the weaknesses of meta-analysis and systematic reviews?

publication bias- negative studies don’t get published so the analysis will be weighed heavy on positive studies

must have strict methodology for search and inclusion

only as strong as the studies that are included

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if chiropractors advertise they are good at helping people with LB pain then we will never get to treat anything else. This is an example of?

slippery slope

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what is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence?

hasty generalization

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my friend was hurt by a chiro and therefore all chiros are bad. this is an example of?

hasty generalization

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if A happened before B then A must have caused B. This is an example of?

post hoc ergo propter hoc

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I adjusted a patient with cancer and they got better, therefore chiropractic cures cancer! This is an example of?

post hoc ergo propter hoc

when a person, idea, institute is deemed worthy based on impression of character, nature or reputation we call it what type of logical fallacy?

genetic fallacy

when the conclusion is proven within the claim we call this logical fallacy? i.e. vaccines are dangerous so they should be banned

begging the question

when you restate an argument rather than proving it you are in a?

circular argument

when you oversimplify an argument by reducing it to 2 choices you are giving someone an?

either/or option- either we ban all cars or we will die like the dinosaurs did

when we attack the character of a person rather than the argument or idea this is an example of what type of logical fallacy?

ad hominem

a logical fallacy that speaks to positive or negative concepts rather than the real issue is called?

ad populum- if you were a "real chiropractor" you would be opposed to all drugs and surgery

a logical fallacy that switches the argument away from dealing with the original problem and focuses on a different issue its called?

red herring

sure burning coal leads to more global warming but what will the poor coal miners do for a job?! is what type of criticism?

red herring

if you don't support mandatory vaccinations for babies you hate all babies and want them to get sick! this is an example of?

straw man- oversimplifying an opponents viewpoint to attack a hollow argument

the city council voted for a tax increase to build a children's park and therefore they are fascist nazis! this is an example of?

moral evidence- comparing minor misdeeds with major atrocities

balanced assessment of the benefits/strengths and flaws/weaknesses of a study is called?

critical appraisal- consideration of qualitative and quantitative aspects

what is the numeric set separating the higher half of data set from the lower half?

median

what is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set?

mode

when describing how spread out the data is its called?

dispersion

what is a P value?

the probability that the statistical result obtained was due to chance

what is the range of most likely values that contain the result?

confidence interval- if we did the study 100 times, 95 times we would get a result in this range = 95% CI

traditional literature review is different from a systematic review in that?

it limits the included literature to that which supports the author's position

with a systematic review, what must be described in a manner that is fully reproducible in order for it to be a good review?

literature search strategy

what shows the information from an individual study that went into the meta-analysis at a glance?

forest plot

what is a process by which data from multiple studies are combined?

data synthesis

by using data synthesis you can substantially increase the size of the sample contributing data for analysis and thus increasing?

statistical power and CI

without similarity among _____, _______ and _______ meta-analysis is not possible

treatments, patients, variables

what is the probability of a positive test in someone who has the disease?

sensitivity- PID

what is the probability of a negative test in someone who doesn't have the disease?

specificity- NIH

what is the probability that a patient with a positive test result really does have the disease?

PPV- positive predictive value

what is the probability that a patient with a negative test result really doesn't have the disease?

NPV- negative predictive value

what is the problem with PPV?

if the disease prevalence changes, so does the predictive value of the test

knowing a likelihood ratio we use what to find the post-test odds?

nomogram

+ LR tells us?

the likelihood of a positive test result in patients with the disease

-LR tells us?

the likelihood of a negative test in patients without the disease

if we prove the null hypothesis we prove?

there's no difference between groups null=0

which test type looks at difference between 2 unpaired groups? board scores of students at 2 different schools

mann-whitney

which test type looks at paired groups? students before and after class

wilcoxon and paired t-tests

what type of test compares 3 or more groups and report f instead of t?

ANOVA- analysis of variance

the value of t and F are only significant if what else is significant?

p-value

which test looks at 3 or more unmatched groups?

kruskal-wallis

which test looks at 3 or more matched groups?

friedman test

person's R is a test of?

association- not just random chance

which test of association uses rho instead of r for data with non-normal distribution?

spearman

which test is used to assess the relationship between 2 or more variables using a line plot?

linear regression

DOE stands for?

disease oriented evidence- measures that provide insight into patient's physiology

POEM stands for?

patient-oriented evidence that matters- info subjectively reported by patients

VAS stands for?

visual analog scale

OSI stands for?

oswestry disability index

questions Flashcards

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