Questions Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
How old is the Earth?
A
4.6 billion years
2
Q
The Milky Way contains?
A
Sun, Earth, planets, hydrogen gas
3
Q
Most abundant material
A
hydrogen gas
4
Q
Elements up to Fe formed
A
nuclear fusion
5
Q
Is the earths atmosphere similar to the first?
A
no
6
Q
According to condensational sequence hypothesis, the elements that condensed last were
A
volatiles
7
Q
the primary source of earth’s early hydrosphere
A
comet, asteroid, meteorite
8
Q
moon was formed by
A
another satellite
9
Q
most abundant material on Earth
A
mantle
10
Q
most abundant gas on Earth
A
Nitrogen
11
Q
Magma ocean formed on Earth
A
early in history
12
Q
percentage of Earth covered in land
A
30
13
Q
Echo sounding is important tool for understanding
A
the bathymetry of the ocean floor
14
Q
Primary waves differ from secondary waves (seismic)
A
it travels through solid and liquid
15
Q
Gravimeter is an instrument designed to
A
measure density
16
Q
Which hemisphere contains the greatest proportion of ocean surface
A
southern
17
Q
submarine canyons most likely formed by
A
turbidity currents
18
Q
‘the present is the key to the past’ is the principle of
A
uniformitarianism
19
Q
Where are MORBS created
A
along mid-ocean ridges
20
Q
OIBs such as Hawaii are formed by
A
mantle plumes
21
Q
abyssal hills are
A
blocks of faulted oceanic crust
22
Q
a transform fault is a tectonic boundary where
A
plates move horizontally past each other
23
Q
Mid ocean ridges rise above the adjacent seafloor because it is
A
Hotter than the adjacent seafloor, supported by upwelling asthenosphere, site of lava eruption and deposition
24
Q
Which of Earth’s layers is lightest?
A
continental crust
25
The Wilson cycle refers to
rifting and assembly of continents and opening and closure of ocean basins
26
The shallowest part of the continental margin is
shelf
27
The climax of the last ice age was
18000 years
28
The Earth's oldest rocks are found at the ____ of continents
interiors
29
Pangea was
The one supercontinent was existed 200 million years ago
30
The deep ocean basin contains
trenches, abyssal plains and oceanic ridges
31
All plate boundaries are characterised by
narrow belts of earthquakes
32
magnetic stripes or patterns on the seafloor are
caused by reversals of the Earth's magnetic field
33
The age of oceanic crust can be determined from by
marine fossil
| magnetic anomaly
34
Is the East pacific rise part of the pacific ring of fire?
no
35
The East African rift system represents a _____ plate boundary
divergent
36
the Andean volcanoes in South America are products of
plate subduction
37
oceanic lithosphere is younger than continental lithosphere because
plate subduction
38
faster spreading ocean ridges are
shallower and smoother
39
the two main types of sediments are
clastics and non-clastics
40
the formation of atolls is an illustration of
seafloor spreading
oceanic crust becoming denser with age
oceanic volcanoes becoming inactive
41
a normally graded pile of sediments
fine at the top and coarse at the btttom
42
terrigenous sediments come from
land
43
marine sediments on the ocean floor are less than 180 millions years odl because of
plate tectonics
44
The most widespread type of marine sediment is
biogenous
45
the term for all physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into rocks is
diagenesis
46
examples of hydrogenous sediments are
manganese and phosphorite nodules
47
the most dominant type of sediment in the neritic environment is
terrigenous
48
greatest volume of marine sediments is located in
continental rises
49
carbonate sediments are rare in deep-sea sediments because
carbonate shells dissolve in deep water
50
despite the fact that the equator receives more sun heat than higher latitudes, it is not steadily increasing in temperature primarily because
poleward heat transport by the ocean and the atmosphere
51
compared to the atmosphere, the ocean can hold
more heat
52
thermocline is a
region of sharp temperature change between upper and deep ocean
53
the typical speed of a tsunami to travel is
500mph
54
tsunamis propagate across the open ocean as
shallow water waves
55
the restoring force on capillary waves is
surface tension
56
the earth is shaped like an
ellipsoid due to centrifugal force
57
how does the geoid change over a larger underwater sea-mount
dome
58
is cold and fresh, or warm and salty water denser
it depends
59
in the open ocean northern hemisphere, mid latitude winds tend to blow from west to east, while lower latitude winds tend to blow to east to west. the Ekman transport between them is
convergent
60
hurricanes in the northern hemisphere are caused by regions of extreme low pressure. they rotate
counterclockwise due to Coriolis force
61
pressure forces make water want to flow
from high to low pressure
62
once water starts moving the Coriolis force makes water in the northern hemisphere want to flow to the
right
63
when pressure force and Coriolis force are combined in north
water flows clockwise around high pressure areas
64
also if an object in the northern hemisphere moves eastward, the Coriolis force on that object it
southward
65
if you were hovering over antarctica which way would you see the average winds blowing
clockwise
66
which direction is the net Ekman transport in the surface waters near Antarctica associated with the wind`
equatorward away from antarctica
67
as you move northward across the Antarctic circumpolar current from Antarctica, the ocean surface goes
up by 2m
68
pressure gradient near Antarctica wants to push water
poleward
69
geostrophic flow around Antarctica flows
clockwise
70
Ekman transport results from a balance between
wind stress and coriolis
71
the gulf stream flows from south to north so the sea surface height slopes
sea surface higher to the east
72
if the wind is blowing northward along the east coast of America, the Ekman current of the ocean flows
away from coast, upwelling
73
what type of bonds hold H and O together
covalent
74
what occurs when light is bounced between air and water molecules, dust and other objects
scattering
75
the more adundant component in a solution is called a
solvent
76
as salinity increases, freezing point
decreases
77
after hydrogen and oxygen what is the most abundant constituent of seawater
chlorine
78
pure water is most dense when at
4C
79
where do salts in seawater come from
volcanism
weathering
biological processes
80
is sodium conservative or non conservative
conservative
81
cold water can hold more or less gas in solution than warm water
more
82
seawater pH
8
83
calcium carbonate solubility _____ with depth
increases
84
the tendency of a substance to resist a change in temperature with the gain or loss of heat is also known as
thermal inertia
85
a place where water infiltrates into a subspace formation is called
recharge area
86
the local aquifer is the main source of potable water in SD county
false
87
examples of desalination process
freezing
distillation
reverse osmosis
88
what proportion of the pollution entering the ocean comes from human activities on land
75%
89
what factors determine how dangerous a pollutant is
quantity
toxicity
persistence
90
spills of refined petroleum products are generally more harmful then those of crude oil
true
