Questions

Question 1

what are the borders of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 1

-Anterior: Sternum
-Posterior: 12 ribs, thoracic vertebrae
-Laterally: ribs/intercostal muscles
-Superior: 1st rib
Inferior: Diaphragm

Question 2

what are the contents of the thorax? (4)

Answer 2

(1) heart
(2) lungs
(3) superior thoracic aperture
(4) inferior thoracic aperture

Question 3

what is the superior thoracic aperture? where’s it located?

Answer 3

also known as the thoracic inlet; opening at the top of the thoracic cavity to allow structures to enter the thorax

It’s borders are the T1 vertebrae, 1st rib, and manubrium

Question 4

what goes through the superior aperture? (7)

Answer 4

(1) trachea
(2) esophagus
(3) thoracic duct
(4) nerves: phrenic, vagus, sympathetic trunks
(5) arteries: left/right common carotid; left/right subclavian
(6) veins: internal jugular; brachiocephalic
(7) lymph nodes and vessels

Question 5

what are the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 5

12th vertebrae; 11th and 12th rib and costal cartilage; diaphragm

Question 6

what goes through the inferior aperture? (6)

Answer 6

(1) inferior vena cava
(2) esophagus
(3) abdominal aorta
(4) thoracic duct
(5) splanchnic nerves
(6) azygos vein

Question 7

which ribs are true ribs that attach directly to the sternum?

Answer 7

ribs 1-7

Question 8

which ribs are called false ribs?

Answer 8

8-10

Question 9

which ribs are floating ribs?

Answer 9

11-12

Question 10

which ribs are considered typical ribs? which ones are atypical?

Answer 10

typical: ribs 3-9

a-typical: 1, 2, 10-12

Question 11

what are costochondral joints?

Answer 11

articulations between ribs and costal cartilage

Question 12

what are interchondral joints?

Answer 12

articulation between two pieces of cartilage

Question 13

how many costovertebral joints are there?

Answer 13

24 (articulation between head of rib and vertebrae)

Question 14

how many costotransverse joints are there?

Answer 14

18

Question 15

how many sternocostal joints are there?

Answer 15

14 (ribs 3-9 on both sides)

Question 16

how many costochondral joints?

Answer 16

20 (ribs 1-10 on both sides)

Question 17

how many interchrondal joints?

Answer 17

8 (6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10 on both sides)

Question 18

what arteries supply blood to the anterior intercostal spaces?

Answer 18

Anterior
-spaces 1-6: internal thoracic artery
(at 6th intercostal space, internal thoracic splits into musculophrenic & superior epigastric artery)
-spaces 7, 8, 9: musculophrenic artery

Question 19

what arteries supply blood to the posterior intercostal spaces?

Answer 19

• Posterior*
• 1st and 2nd spaces: supreme throacic artery
• spaces 3-11: thoracic aorta
• below rib 12: subcostal artery (branches off thoracic aorta)

Question 20

where does the internal thoracic artery and supreme thoracic artery branch off of?

Answer 20

the subclavian artery

Question 21

where do the anterior costal veins drain?

Answer 21

• Anterior*
• spaces 1-6: internal thoracic vein
• spaces 7, 8, 9: musculophrenic vein

Question 22

where do the posterior costal veins drain on the RIGHT SIDE?

Answer 22

*Posterior*
RIGHT SIDE
-1st space: supreme intercostal vein
-spaces 2-11: azygos vein (to superior VC)
-below 12th rib: subcostal vein

Question 23

where do the posterior costal veins drain on the LEFT SIDE?

Answer 23

*Posterior*
LEFT SIDE
-spaces 1-4: superior thoracic vein
-spaces 5-8: acessory hemiazygos vein
-spaces 9-11: hemiazygos vein

Question 24

where does the acessory hemiazygos vein drain?

Answer 24

it drains inferior to the communicating branch, where it goes to the azygos vein

Question 25

where does the hemiazygos vein drain?

Answer 25

it drains superior to the communicating branch, where it goes to the azygos vein

Question 26

what are the ventral rami of T1-T12 called?

Answer 26

- vental rami T1-T12 are called intercostal nerves | - ventral ramus of T12 is called the subcostal nerve

Question 27

where do the veins, arteries, and nerves run for the ribs? what order from superior to inferior?

Answer 27

(1) all run along the costal groove | 2) vein >> artery >> nerve (remember VAN

Question 28

the intercostal nerve has a proximal branch, what's it called?

Answer 28

lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve

Question 29

what branches off the lateral cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerves? (2)

Answer 29

an anterior and posterior branch

Question 30

once the intercostal nerve reaches the parasternal line, what does it turn into?

Answer 30

anterior cutaneous nerve

Question 31

what does the anterior cutaneous nerve branch into? (2)

Answer 31

medial and lateral branches

Question 32

what are the borders of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 32

the same borders as the thoracic inlet, except it's extended inferiorly to sternal angle and T4-T5 posteriorly

Question 33

what are the contents of the superior mediastinum? (8)

Answer 33

(1) thymus (2) Internal thoracic artery and vein (3) Brachiocephalic vein and trunk (4) Left common carotid, Left subclavian arteries (5) trachea (6) esophagus (7) vagus, recurrent laryngeal, and phrenic nerves (8) thoracic duct

Question 34

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch off of? what does it innervate?

Answer 34

vagus nerve; voice box

Question 35

where is the anterior mediastinum located?

Answer 35

narrow space between sternum and pericardium of heart

Question 36

what's located in the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 36

thymus in infants; connective and fat tissue in adults

Question 37

what is located in the middle mediastinum?

Answer 37

the heart & pericardial sac

Question 38

what's located in the posterior mediastinum? (5)

Answer 38

(1) thoracic aorta (2) azygos, hemiazygos, acessory azygos veins (3) esophagus (4) thoracic duct (5) sympathetic trunk

Question 39

where is the posterior mediastinum located?

Answer 39

from posterior aspect of heart to the vertebral bodies

Question 40

what is the function of the fossa ovalis?

Answer 40

before birth, where blood would be shunted from right side to left side of the heart to bypass the lungs

Question 41

what are the muscular bands of the right atrium called?

Answer 41

musculae pectinae

Question 42

what is the separation in the right atrium from smooth to the muscular bands called?

Answer 42

cristae terminalis

Question 43

where is the opening for the coronary sinus located?

Answer 43

the right atrium

Question 44

what is the valve between the right atrium and ventricle called?

Answer 44

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

Question 45

what are the cusps of AV valves held by?

Answer 45

chordae tendinae (which attach to papillary muscles)

Question 46

what are the thick ridges in the ventricles called?

Answer 46

trabeculae carnae

Question 47

what is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle called?

Answer 47

left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral)

Question 48

where are the openings for the coronary arteries located?

Answer 48

ascending aorta

Question 49

which valves have 3 cusps?

Answer 49

(1) right AV valve (2) pulmonary valve (3) aortic valve

Question 50

where do the bronchial arteries branch off of?

Answer 50

thoracic aorta

Question 51

where does the esophageal artery branch off of?

Answer 51

thoracic aorta

Question 52

where do the superior phrenic arteries branch off of?

Answer 52

thoracic aorta

Question 53

what does the left coronary artery split into?

Answer 53

(1) anterior ventricular artery | (2) circumflex artery

Question 54

what branches off the circumflex artery?

Answer 54

left marginal artery

Question 55

what arteries come off the right coronary artery?

Answer 55

(1) right marginal artery | (2) posterior interventricular artery

Question 56

what does the right coronary artery eventually end up connecting to?

Answer 56

circumflex artery

Question 57

where doe the anterior and posterior interventricular arteries anastomose?

Answer 57

near the apex

Question 58

what vein runs alongside the right coronary artery?

Answer 58

small cardiac vein

Question 59

where does the great cardiac vein run?

Answer 59

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

Question 60

where does the middle cardiac vein run?

Answer 60

posterior interventicular artery

Question 61

where does all blood of the heart end up draining?

Answer 61

coronary sinus

Question 62

what is the name of the specialized cardiac cells associated with the conduction system within the heart?

Answer 62

purkinje cells

Question 63

what are the 5 structures that make up the conduction system?

Answer 63

- SA Node - AV Node - Bundle of HIS (Atrioventricular Bundle) -R & L Bundle Branches - Subendocardial branches

Question 64

what 2 structures make up the cardiac plexus?

Answer 64

(1) Vagus nerve | (2) Sympathetic Trunk

Question 65

where do the cardiac nerves branch off of?

Answer 65

sympathetic ganglia of C1-C8 and T1-T5

Question 66

where does the coronary plexus run?

Answer 66

along the left and right coronary arteries

Question 67

what does the coronary plexus innervate?

Answer 67

SA Node; also contain afferent fibers for pain, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

Question 68

in fetal development, what does the heart begin as?

Answer 68

two tubes that make up the right and left sides of the heart

Question 69

what two pathways does a fetal heart use to supply oxygenated blood to left atrium?

Answer 69

(1) foramen ovale | (2) ductus arteriosus

Question 70

what does the foramen ovale do?

Answer 70

shunts blood between right in left atrium (fetal)

Question 71

what does the ductus arteriosus do?

Answer 71

shunt blood between pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 72

what is the condition Patent Foramen Ovale? what are the effects?

Answer 72

when fossa ovale doesn't close after birth; | leads to increased levels of deoxygenated blood in system

Question 73

what is the condition Interventricular Septal Defect? what are the effects?

Answer 73

opening between left and right ventricle (congenital); blood flows back into right ventricle causing less blood to be circulated. This causes more blood to be pushed to lungs causing right sided congestive heart failure.

Question 74

what happens with Tetralogy of Fallot? (4) what are the effects? (3)

Answer 74

(1) interventricular septal defect (2) narrowed opening of pulmonary trunk (3) aorta opens into left and right ventricles (4) right ventricular hypertrophy Effects (1) O2 desaturation (2) inefficient pump (3) R sided congestive heart failure

Question 75

how many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 75

2

Question 76

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 76

3

Question 77

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have?

Answer 77

upper lobe: 5 | lower lobe: 5

Question 78

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have?

Answer 78

upper lobe: 3 middle lobe: 2 lower lobe: 5

Question 79

what bronchopulmonary segments does the superior lobe have on the right that it doesn't have on the left?

Answer 79

(1) superior lingual | (2) inferior lingual

Question 80

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the right upper lobe?

Answer 80

upper lobe: 3 (1) apical (2) anterior (3) posterior

Question 81

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the right middle lobe?

Answer 81

middle lobe: 2 (1) medial (2) lateral

Question 82

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the right lower lobe?

Answer 82

lower lobe: 5 (1) superior (2) anterior basal (3) posterior basal (4) medial basal (5) lateral basal

Question 83

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe?

Answer 83

upper lobe: 5 (1) apical (2) anterior (3) posterior (4) superior lingual (5) inferior lingual

Question 84

what are the names of the bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe?

Answer 84

lower lobe: 5 (1) superior (2) anterior basal (3) posterior basal (4) medial basal (5) lateral basal

Question 85

how deep do pulmonary arteries go into the lungs?

Answer 85

branch into secondary lobular (go into lobes) which then branch to tertiary segmental arteries (go into bronchopulmonary segments)

Question 86

what lobes does the right superior pulmonary vein drain blood from?

Answer 86

right upper and middle lobes

Question 87

what lobes does the left superior pulmonary vein drain blood from?

Answer 87

left superior lobe

Question 88

what lobes do the inferior pulmonary veins drain blood from?

Answer 88

both lower lobes

Question 89

what do the bronchial arteries do?

Answer 89

supply the lungs with blood

Question 90

what arteries supply the left lung with blood?

Answer 90

2 left bronchials branch from the thoracic aorta

Question 91

what arteries supply the right lung with blood?

Answer 91

3rd right posterior intercostal artery (sometimes the right lung is supplied by a right bronchial artery off the thoracic aorta instead)

Question 92

where do the bronchial veins drain?

Answer 92

``` right (1) azygos left (1) left superior intercostal vein (2) accessory hemiazygos vein ```

Question 93

how many secondary bronchi are in each of the lungs?

Answer 93

left: 2 right: 3 (one per each lobe of the lungs)

Question 94

how many tertiary bronchi in each of the lungs?

Answer 94

left: 10 right: 10 (named by the bronchiopulmonary segment they reside in)

Question 95

where is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 95

Trachea, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary bronchi

Question 96

what is found in the secondary and tertiary bronchi between the hyaline cartilage?

Answer 96

smooth muscle

Question 97

what makes up the terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 97

rings of smooth muscle (no hyaline)

Question 98

what is the purpose of pneumocytes (Type I cells)?

Answer 98

on alveoli are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange

Question 99

what is the purpose of type II cells?

Answer 99

cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant