Questions and Answers - General Flashcards
When do we not need a destination alternate?
• Dispatched under Alternative Flight Planning Procedure
• Duration of flight < 6hrs
• Destination has 2 usable separate runways
• Forecast ETA+/- 1hr show
Ceiling @ 2000ft or circling height+500ft (greater of)
Visibility 5km+
• OR destination is isolated (not applicable for easyJet)
When can runways be considered separate?
- Separate landing surfaces that may overlap or cross
- If one runway is blocked, will not prevent the planned type of operations on the other
- Each runway must have its own approach procedure based on a separate navigation aid
When planning for an alternate, the TAF indicates in a PROB/TEMPO that the weather will be below limits. Can this alternate be used?
What about a PROB TEMPO?
- Depends if conditions are transient or persistent
- See ‘Application of Aerodrome Forecasts’ table
- LIDO may show alternates even if they should be discounted after analysis of the table
A PROB TEMPO may be disregarded completely
When are two destination alternates required?
- Conditions @ destination below minima/snow closed
- No weather forecast for destination
- Landing performance requirements cannot be assured due to dependence on specific wind component or rwy state
Planning minima for take-off alternate?
- 1 hours flying time, ISA conditions
- Single engine cruise speed
- Planned take-off weight
- No more than 320 NM
- Plan for CAT 3 SINGLE
Planning minima for destination alternate if only NPA available?
• NPA minima +200ft/+1000m
How long is a TEMPO forecast expected to last?
- Period of up to an hour at a time
* Up to half of the period of the TAF
What is the minimum RFF category (normal category 6) for:
Departure/Destination?
Alternates?
• Dep/Dest: CAT 5 (if indicated on OFP) or
CAT 4 (temp downgrade for up to 72hrs)
• Alternates: UK: CAT 5,
non-UK: CAT 4
What is final reserve fuel?
- 30 mins @ holding speed
- 1500ft overhead destination alternate
- Based on planned weight over destination alternate
- Approximately 1000kg
For planning to tanker fuel, what are max landing weights?
MLW – 1%
A319: 61,000kg – 610kg = 60,390kg
A320: 66,000kg – 660kg = 65,340kg
When should you not tanker fuel?
Other considerations when tankering?
Not permitted off or onto contaminated/slippery/icy runways
Ice forming on wings, and performance issues regarding climb gradients etc (not covered by LIDO – weights are)
What is extra fuel associated with:
1) EAI (cruise/hold)
2) EAI and WAI (cruise/hold)
3) Taxi
4) APU use
5) Trip fuel adjustment for increased/decreased track mileage
1) cruise: 1kg/min, hold: 2kg/min
2) cruise: 2kg/min, hold: 3kg/min
3) 10kg/min (2 engine), 7kg/min (1 engine)
4) 2kg/min
5) Increase: 5kg/NM, decrease: 4kg/NM
What is the fuel for holding and approach?
- Holding @1500ft: 40kg/min
* Approach: 17kg/min
What is contingency fuel carried for?
Covers deviations in cruise level, track, winds or any other unforeseen circumstances, including weather forecasts
What is the absolute minimum contingency fuel you may carry, and under what circumstances?
- The absolute minimum contingency fuel will be 3% of trip or 5 mins holding above destination (greater of), provided that an en-route alternate can be selected.
- This is normally only done if performance issues exist on departure
What is contingency fuel?
- 5% of trip fuel
- 5 mins holding fuel @ 1500ft above dest in std conditions
- Greater of
What are your considerations if you have overfuelled and are now overweight?
Options:
• Offload bags
• Burn fuel on the ground
• Defuel (cannot be done with passengers on board)
• Contact Duty Pilot, possibly able to authorise increase to MTOW
Can you burn contingency fuel on the ground?
Yes
Within what distance must a takeoff alternate be?
320NM
Within what distance must a cruise alternate be?
- A319: 380NM
* A320: 400NM
When can we fly below CNR and continue to destination?
- When given an EAT or known delay, landing at destination is assured, with at least final reserve fuel
- When NOT given an EAT, or delay unknown, landing at destination or an alternate is assured with at least final reserve fuel
You see you will land with less than CNR at destination. What should you do?
Check for fuel leak.
Try to save fuel:
• Request slower cruise speed from ATC (min cost index)
• Request direct routings,
• Consider more favourable/optimal level wrt winds
• Replan using a closer alternate if possible
• ULTIMATELY: divert to refuel
What are the low fuel states, and what are the calls?
1) Normal
2) Caution
3) Emergency
1) Normal: fuel on arrival is final reserve plus alternate (CNR) or more. (No calls)
2) Caution: when committing to land at any airport, any change to existing clearance MAY lead to landing with less than final reserve fuel. (“MINIMUM FUEL”)
3) Indicated fuel on arrival is less than final reserve fuel (“MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY FUEL”)
What is the maximum LMC before a new loadsheet is required?
+10/-20 pax