Questions I forgot: biological

Question 1

What does anterior mean?

Answer 1

located or occurring in or at the front of something else

Question 2

What does posterior mean?

Answer 2

located or occurring underneath something else

Question 3

What is a sulcus?

Answer 3

a cleft (or valley) in the cerebral cortex

Question 4

What is a fasciculus?

Answer 4

bundle of neurons connecting one location of the brain to another

Question 5

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Answer 5

deals with reasoning, executive function, motor control, and language

Question 6

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

Answer 6

deals with somatosensory processing, and (some) attention

Question 7

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

Answer 7

deals with hearing, memory, and emotion

Question 8

What do glial cells do?

Answer 8

protect and communicate with neurons

Question 9

What is reuptake?

Answer 9

The process of retrieving neurotransmitter that is in the synaptic cleft

Question 10

What is magnetic resonance imaging?

Answer 10

(MRI) is a neuroimaging technique involving a big magnet in order to give us a structural image of the brain

Question 11

What is Positron Emission Tomography?

Answer 11

(PET) tracks molecules that have been modified to give a radioactive label in order to create a functional image of the brain

Question 12

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

Answer 12

uses an electromagnet applied to the scalp in order to up or downregulate specific brain areas

Question 13

What is Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography?

Answer 13

(SPECT) uses an injected radioactive fluid to give a structural image of the brain

Question 14

What are the cranial nerves?

Answer 14

a set of 12 nerves that come directly from the brain which control sensory, motor, and autonomous functions

Question 15

What is the aggregate field theory?

Answer 15

that mental functions are distributed across the brain rather than localised in specific areas

Question 16

What is Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) ?

Answer 16

a technique that detects the diffusion of water molecules in different directions in order to reveal white-matter connections in the brain

Question 17

What is Single-cell recording?

Answer 17

an invasive electrode to measure the activity of a single cluster of neurons

Question 18

What does magnetoencephalography (MEG) do?

Answer 18

measures the magnetic field produced by the electrical activity of the brain and gives better spatial imagery than EEG

Question 19

What does Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) do?

Answer 19

detects changes in concentration of oxygenated blood by measuring the amount of near-infrared light it produces

Question 20

What is temporal resolution?

Answer 20

the level of detail and precision to capture changes in brain activity over time

Question 21

What do electromagnetic methods do?

Answer 21

measure and analyse the electrical magnetic signal produced by neurons

Question 22

What is spatial resolution?

Answer 22

the level of detail and precision to capture where specific brain activity occurs

Question 23

What are functional networks?

Answer 23

how different brain regions communicate and work together

Question 24

What does the salience network detect?

Answer 24

unexpected stimuli

Question 25

What is psychophysics?

Answer 25

involves relating a physical stimulus to a behavioural response

Question 26

what is psychometric function?

Answer 26

what we fit to data in order to measure absolute thresholds

Question 27

What does structural imaging let us see?

Answer 27

the structure and composition of the brain

Question 28

What does a weber fraction tell us?

Answer 28

the constant between just noticeable difference and standard stimulus for different stimuli (salt in water = 1/3, tonal pitch = 1/333)

Question 29

what is a crystalline lens

Answer 29

expands and contracts to help us see near and far

Question 30

what is the fovea ?

Answer 30

the central part of the retina where the eye is most sensitive to light

Question 31

what is a rod photoreceptor

Answer 31

sacrifices acuity for sensitivity and used for night vision (scotopic vision)

Question 32

What is photopic vision

Answer 32

day vision

Question 33

What is phototransduction

Answer 33

the process by which light energy is converted into electrical energy in the retina

Question 34

what is a retinal ganglion cell

Answer 34

a type of photoreceptor cell that is found in the retina of the eye (below the bipolar cells)

Question 35

What is a bipolar cell?

Answer 35

a type of photoreceptor cell that is found in the retina of the eye (below the rods and cones)

Question 36

What is the duplex theory?

Answer 36

the idea that rods and cones differ structure, number, and distribution

Question 37

What is the pinna?

Answer 37

the outer ear which is the flap of skin that covers the ear canal

Question 38

What is place theory?

Answer 38

The idea that lower frequency waves travel further down the ear, and thus, hair cells that detect lower frequency waves are found further into the cochlea

Question 39

What membrane vibrates when sound waves hit the eardrum?

Answer 39

basilar membrane

Question 40

What is the meninges?

Answer 40

Layers that surround the brain for protection

Question 41

what is the SCN and what does it do?

Answer 41

suprachiasmatic nucleus - responsible for keeping time

Question 42

What is the ventral attention network responsible for?

Answer 42

responds to unexpected but behaviourally relevant stimuli. The temoroparietal junction (TPJ). Favour the right-side

Question 43

what is Proprioception?

Answer 43

One's awareness of the location of their body in space

Question 44

What is interoception?

Answer 44

The ability to sense internal bodily processes such as hunger, thirst and pain

Question 45

Opponent-process theory (proposed by Hering, then Hurvich and Jameson)

Answer 45

states that LMS cone outputs are coded into six matched primaries -red-green, blue-yellow, black-white

Question 45

What is the young-helmholtz theory of trichromacy?

Answer 45

There are three types of cone receptors (long, medium and short wavelength) that are sensitive to three different types of light (red, green and blue)

Question 46

What is forbidden colour?

Answer 46

One that transcend the opponent-process boundary (yellowish blue)

Question 47

What are the cranial nerves?

Answer 47

set of 12 nerves that come directly from the brain which control sensory, motor functions and autonomous functions

Question 48

What is phrenology

Answer 48

Debunked theory that skull shape determines personality

Question 49

What is the aggregate field theory?

Answer 49

That mental functions are distributed across the brain rather than localised in specific areas

Question 50

what is reticular theory?

Answer 50

that the nervous system is a continuous network, like a web