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1
Q

What event/when did the 1st socialist edu prog come from

A

10th Party Plenum (24-27th Sep ‘62)

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2
Q

List dif phases of socialist edu prog

A
  1. Early 10 Points- Feb ‘63- affirmed M’s apporach
    2, Later 10 points- Sep ‘63- Deng shift 2 party led campaign
  2. Revised 10 points- Liu’s wife Wang uncover still rampent corruption t/f inc dictorial ‘waves of party’ = purge 5mil
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3
Q

List major early decrees by Sovnarkom

A

-116 w/in 1st few weeks
-Decree on Peace (26th of Oct ‘17)
-Decree on Land 27th of Oct
-Decree on the Cheka 7/12/17
-Decree on Workers Control 14/11- allowed workers to inc control > factories
-Decree on Press 27/11- banned Kadet’s N/paper+ 28/11 Decree on Political parties banned non-soc parties

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4
Q

What were the results of the constituent assembly elections

A

SRs= 370 seats vs Bol= 175 seats + Kadets 2nd largest urban pol party (17 seats)
-Lenin claimed was a form of bourgeoise parlimentarism’ + invalid b/c ballet x destinguish clearly b/w Left-SRs (alligned w Bol from 12/12) + subsequently on 5/1/18 Martial law declared in Pet

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5
Q

What were the causes of the 1921 famine

A

Severe draught in 1/2 of food producing regions (e.g. Samara where May rainfall av of 38.8mm vs actual of 0.3mm in ‘20) + 20% of food producing regions= total crop failure
-Exacerbated by policies of grain req- I.e. peas X have 2 yrs emergency grain 2 cope w draught + dec incentive 2 produce (17-21 cultivated land dec by 40%)
-LostlargeamountsofUktotreatyofRiga

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6
Q

How many ppl died in 1921 famine

A

-5mil from starvation or disease caused by inc in poor hygine
-1000’s victims of cannibalism

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7
Q

How did international com assist in responding to 1921 Great Famine

A

Pres Hoover + American Relief Admin + Br’s ‘Save the Children in Russia Fund’ provided food saving 14mil lives
-In summer of ‘22 est ARA fed 10mil ppl p/day

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8
Q

How did peas respond to WC (i.e. greens)

A

-Inc violence- 20k green armies/local militia- e.g. Killed 8k cheka who were trying to access grain
-Esp in Tambov region- ‘no go’ zone until late ‘21
-Inc confussion of political allegiences- E.g. Long Live Lenin! Down w Trotsky (despite same policies being endorsed)

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9
Q

What were the economic/material impacts of war communism

A

-Wages had 2% of buying power compared to ‘14
-Industrial output 13% of pre-war levels
-Lack of fuel- 30k wooden houses in P had to be burnt
-Reduced rations 1/3 in Feb ‘21

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10
Q

What was the impact on the party following WC

A

-Inc authoritism + consolidation of highly centralised power
-1. B/c inc highly disciplined + compliant RG join Bol
-2. Sverdlov reduce checks + ballances- 68/480 decrees in 1st yr in role as Chairman of CEC checked + following his death party restructured so Politburo= 5 top bols had inc dictatorial powers/able to act w/o check
-On Party Unity- March 1921- inc dif for formal internal op

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11
Q

Who was the leader of the Socialist Revolutionaries?

A

Kerensky

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12
Q

When did the Left SR’s leave + join Sovnarkom

A

-Joined 12/12/17
-Left- 19/3/18- Because of X agree w policies over Treaty of Brest-Livisk- believe in continue 2 agitate 4 war= July ‘18 SR assassinated Ger ambassador 2 continnue to push 4 rev via war (outcome tho = inc ability 4 bol 2 claim legit victory)

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13
Q

List key articles from the fundamental laws

A

23rd Ap 06
Article 4- TN2 has supreme authority and all laws must be ratified by him, can appoint his own ministers, retrains complete control > FA, military matters + declarations of states of emergency
Article 8- Only w TN2’s approval can the fundamental laws be reformed
Article 87- The Tsar can dissolve the Duma + legislate independently whenever he wants

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14
Q

Positives of WW1

A

-Inc nationalism/dec strikes- Jan-July 14 =3493 strikes vs 41 b/w Aug-Dec ‘14
-4th Duma suspended itself in support 4 TN2
-95% of conscripted ppl complied w orders

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15
Q

Weaknesses of Russia going in to WW1

A

-6.5mil men h/w only 4.6mil rifles, 1bil cartages short, only 3 rounds of artilary p/day p/person
-X modernised 2 point where industry able to cope w demands (e.g. need 100k rifles p/month yet only able to produce 42k)
-Leadership X based on merit t/f General Nicholai = X sound mil advice
-Troops only received 6 weeks of training
-Lack infrastructure 2 enable effective mobalisation of troops + resources e.g. grain (failure of Witte’s great spurt)

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16
Q

Impacts of June Offensive

A

Initial success= Inc rev support= 30km advance by Russian + Inc moral under Kerensky’s guise of ‘Revolutionary Defencism’
-Failure- 230km advance of ger in op fist punch
-Inc desertions- 100k vs 40k in 1st

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17
Q

Witte’s eco reforms list

A

Witte establish heavy industry (increase investment 616% over 10yrs), invest in railways as basis of modernisation  amount of track x 3 + trans-Siberian railway started, increased foreign investment (increase from 13mil in 1898 to 2.2 bil in 1913)

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18
Q

Eco impact of world war

A

Inflation rouble 30% of 1913 buying power in 17 + wages only 35% of real value while food prices inc 4x  Inc public discounted

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19
Q

Impact on consumers access to resources in WW1 Russia

A

1/3 of usual food supply getting to M + P by 1916
1/3 of bakeries + 2/3 of butchers shut
-1916 acute food shortage–> workers inc calorie deficit by 1/4
-Banned sale + production of vodka –> 26% dec in tax rev h/w also inc production of illegal alcohol

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20
Q

Human impact of world war

A

23mil ppl live under Ger occupation
4mil ppl die, wounded or MIA by mid 1915 (most of any Euro country)–> 1mil die b4 great retreat
-IMR inc 2x
-Treated peas as inexhuastible resource/ army was ‘peas in uniform’ t/f inc desertions + disatisdation

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21
Q

How did Liberals respond to world war 1 intially

A

-All Russian Union of Zemstvo + Union of Unions offered to help inc transportation of goods to front + care for wounded
-War Industries Committee (headed by Octoberist Gorchov) try to inc efficiency of goods prod by offering war contracts to Moscow businesses
-Duma 4 dissolved itself in support 4 Tsar

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22
Q

How did the Libs respond to WW1 post 1915

A

-July ‘15 Duma 4 reformed
-Aug ‘15 Progressive Bloc formed- 236/422 Deputies in alliance to make gov of pub conf

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23
Q

Causes of the Feb rev

A

-Good shortage- 1/6th of required grain 2 M daily
-Inc protests/pub :(- Jan 9th 1917- 150k protesters + 27th of Jan= general strike in P- 400k workers + 70k mutinies
-Rasputina + TA- dec support from libs- E.g. Min of Interior Protopopov sort advice from R’s ghost

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24
Q

When + where was TN2 forced to abdicate

A

March 2nd on train in Pskov by memb of Duma

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25
List Stolypin repressive measures
'Suppression first, then, and only then, reform -August 06 declared martial law- suspended civil rights -Show trials- b/w 06-11- 3376 ppl killed -Reformed electoral syst post D2- Only 1% of ppl voted for 300/441 deputies
26
List some features of Stolypins 'wager on the strong'
-Agraian Reform Act- Nov 06- abolished land redemption pmt + made inc gov land av @ actual prive -Social- proportional tax based on income, National Insurrance Act + compulsory primary ed -Industrial- Banned women + children from working underground
27
Impacts of Stolypins reforms
-2x inc in PS enrollement -15% of peas become Kulaks- 2mil+ families (by '13) + 3mil accept offer of land in Siberia -Duma 3 functional- passed 2571 bills -Show trials- 06-13=3376 killed -Reduced representativeness of Duma's- 1% of pop vote for 300/441 deputies (post D2)
28
How did justice system change after the NEP
-Feb '22 OGPU replaces CHEKA + becomes enshrined in cont in July '23 as means to ensure gov surveillance- only 14k killings - First Soviet Criminal Code- June '22- broaf defn of subversive actions + no rights 4 defendents
29
How were opposing pol groups treated after NEP
-OGPU used 4 survialence -Mens + SR made illegal in '21- 2k Mens arrested -June-Aug '22 34 SRs brought to show trials- 5 found guilty 4 life- 'exemplaray educational trials' -Lenin
30
How was the Church treated following NEP
Seen as the 'opium of the masses' -22-23 valuables confiscated + bloody conflicts--> 7k Monks killed + 1k arrests
31
List arts ways 2 est 'new proletarian identity'
-Prolekult- offer ops 4 workers to dev skills in arts e.g. workshops @ peak 80k memb -Presimfans- orchestrates made socialist by operating w/o conductor -Constructivism- art style which combined pol + cultural purposes- esp in architecture -Promotes art to inc values e.g. factory life, battels from civ war, steel -Agitprop- propagnda focussing on merits of rev
32
How did the Bol attempt to reduce illiteracy after NEP 'The illiterate person stands outside of politics' -Lenin
-1919 Decree on the Elimination of illiteracy (Likbiz) -Free urban reading rooms/Liquidation points= 40K+ -16k reading rooms vol run in country -RA forced 2 do 2 days learning + 7 days work w 'literacy marches' -Primary schooling standardized, compulsory, coed + free 4 ages b/w 8-13
33
How much of the pop were literate in 1919
25-30% + 97% in central asian region COULNT
34
Outcome of Likbez
-Inc enrolment in p/school- 45% in '15 vs 80% in '26 -Inc literacy rate to 51%- h/w higher in men @ 2/3 vs 37% 4 women (1926) despite equal op (men @37% + women 13% in 1917)
35
List measures taken to imp womens rights
1917 decree on Marriage- M = mutual consensual act, divorce inc ease, guaranteed the right to equal pay in the workplace, 8hr workday) + - 1919 formation of Women’s Department of Com Party= Zhenotdel- headed by Kollontai from 20 onwards -Bolsheviki- e.g. Kollanti
36
How did the Bol respond to the challenge of KR- immediately
Soviet Chairman addressed sold- threatening violence if continue to protest in anchor square -7th March Trosky announces 50k RA to attack KS -300 delegates of 10th Party Congress sent to boast morale -Cheka used to punish sailors who uprise- 6459 sent to prison + labour camps + 2.3k killed
37
How many ppl died/wounded in KR (1921)
-March 7th offensive- 700 deaths + 2.5k wounded -Overall- 10k RA, 5k KS + afterwards Cheka kill 2.3k + send 6459 to prison + labour camps
38
When was the NEP implemented?
8th of March 1921 (day after RA offensive against KR start)
39
NEP impact on ecomony
-HI progress stagnant- iron ore still 1/2 of pre war + 1922 500k workers fired from HI b/c X able to cover costs of wages -Some industries imp- E.g. electricity- 1913= 1945mil kWh vs 1926= 3508mil kWh -grain production levels sim to 1909-13 + livestock no. >
40
How was the scissor crisis resolved?
-Scissor committee est -1923 export of grain -250k+ businesses forcibly shut b/w 23-24 -Commissariat of Trade inc role in distribution of goods +S gov buying + selling goods
41
List issues facing the 10th party congress
NEP- surrendoring to the peasantry -The role of unions -Inc bureaucratisation w/in the party + Politburo's inc role -emergence of opposition groups + inc factionalism e.g. Workers' Opposition group (led by Kollanti)
42
What/When was the decree on party unity
-When- @ 10th party congress -Declared all demands of opposition as 'inconcistent' to memb of CP + t/f all groups illegal h/w individuals able to voice criticism
43
How many people died on the 1st day of the July days/when
-When- 3rd of July 1917 -400 ppl
44
What were the eco cond for the worker's before the rev
-1 rouble p/day av wage= poorest paid in EU -av 11.5hr workday + no unions
45
What were the political cond for workers b4 rev
-Strikes banned- 1900=522 violent strikes suppressed -Voting rights in Duma's limitted (esp post No.2)= gentry elected 60% despite =1% of pop
46
When was the Russo-J war
Feburary 04-Sept 05
47
List key events of the RJ war
-Seige of Port Aurther- Jan 05 (only warm water port) -Battle of Mukden- Feb 05- lost 90k troops -Battle of Tshumina- Ap 05- Lost 8 battleships + 5k men (vs J's 2 + 118 men)
48
What treaty ended the RJ war + key provisions
-Treaty of Portsmouth- August 05 -Lost control of Port Aurthur/lease on Liaodong peninsula + forced to recognize J SOI in Manchuria + NK
49
What was the impact of RJ war
-Int + dom humilation -Inc price of consumer goods- bread 35% inc + wages dec 25% -Inc rev violence- minister plehv killed by SR -Yr of red cockrel (1903-04)-inc peas uprising
50
List impacts of Bloody Sunday 7th Jan 05 for peas + workers
-Catalysed festival of mobilastion= 400k protestors by end of Jan--> Oct 14th general strike =1.5mil -Inc soviets-Oct 05 SPB sov created --> 80 by end of 05 -Inc peasant revolts- 15% of manor houses burnt (3k) + Jan-Oct=2.7k incidences of TN2 asking to supress peas -Creation of Union of Peas- 200k memb + inc desire to have interest meet (May)
51
How did BS impact libs
-Loss in :) 4 TN2= 'Bloody Nicholas' X Little Father -Inc organsiation-May 05 Union of Unions created by Milyukov + inc discussion for univesal sufferage + elective rep + increased unity w workers
52
Impact of BS on military
-Inc mutinies- e.g. on Trans-siberian railway + June 05 Mutiny on Potemkin in Odessa --> fire on gov troops
53
How many bills did Duma 3 pass inc e.g.
2571 -Inc National Insurance Bill + inc schooling 4 poor
54
When were the Fundamental laws implemented + list provision
-April 1906- 5 days b4 1st Duma- A4- TN2 has supreme authority + must ratify all laws, can appoint own ministers, retain complete control > FA, mil + declaration of SOE A87- can dissolve duma any time
55
When was Lenin's April Thesis
April 4th 1917- followig abdication of TN2 t/f safe to return 2 Russia
56
Briefly describe impact of April Thesis
-Dev slogans- "Turn the imperial war into a civil war, all power to the soviet'- Inc pub opinion (esp b/c sov had 20mil voters by mid '17)--> 360k memb by Sep + maj of seats in P + M Sov by Oct= legit alt 2 PG -A rearming of the bolshevik ranks- Trotsky
57
When were the Red Gaurd formed
Following 28/8/17 Committee of Struggle seeing neg release of Bol (post July days)
58
How many Bol arrested post july days
800 (inc trotsky) -Lenin forced into exile
59
When + Why was Milrevkom created
Following 18/10/17 troop movement by Kerensky- seen as necessary to stop right win coup (like Korni)- 3 Bol leaders (inc Trotsky) -Gained support from PG by 21/10
60
What was the pop break down pre-rev
-1% nobality (h/w owned 25% of land) -0.5% MC aka intellegensia (1897 #) h/w inc -Urban workers- 7% -Peasants- 80%
61
What was the pop trend in R pre-rev
-Rapidly inc- 4x inc b/w 1815-1914 -Inc in cities- SPB= 76% inc b/w '97 + '14
62
Describe LT eco causes 4 R rev
-Peas X $$ 4 land= 1/4 cultivated land into disuse + less then 10acre plot + inherentance syst -X efficent agrarian eco-1/2 amount of grain p/acre compared to other ag eco -Indust. start in '70 t/f 5% of railroad as Br + import 25% coal -Workers worst pay in Eu =1 rouble p/day
63
How many ppl did Cheka kill in RT
-50-100k (50k # from 1929 former Cheka agent)
64
List White Army groups
-Armed Forces of S. Russia- led by Gen Denkin -150k -Kochak's Siberian Forces- from Komuch -North-Western Army- (14.4k @ peak), near Estonia, Gen Yuedenich
65
FACTs about geo + impact in CW
-Bol inc ethnic unified= 70mil 2 draw from vs WA = 8-10mil x unified ethnical -Inc railways + production in SPB + M
66
List ways Trotsky helped to win CW
-Commissar as War--> 500k RG to 5mil RA by '20 -Hold fams of 50k former Tsarist officers hostage to inc expert leadership -Conscritipion reintro (b/c 360k vol) -Harsh discipline= RA oath + DP -Special armoured train 2 inc leadership + morale
67
When was the 1st Duma
April-July 06= 73 days
68
How did Cheka inc power +when
-Decree on Red Terror 5th Sept 1918- seen as necessary in WC + ass of Uritisky (SR led) -March '18- Combat detachment + 1K + ppl following multiple assassination attempts of L
69
What were the eco outcomes of WC
-13% of pre-war industrial production -40% dec in cultivated land + harvests 37% of pre-war -Illegal trade made up 60% of bread in cities (70+% rural)- 18-19 -Inc pov 4 Bour-42% of prost in M =Bour -'Bagmen' profit of banning trade
70
List key reasons for the Feburary Rev
-Rasputin + Tsarina undermined the support from Liberals (esp following dissolution of progressive bloc 3rd Sep)- 'Is this stupidity or treason' -War put inc pressure on resouces- Meat price inc 300% + food 4x + women 40hrs per week in food ques -Loss of trad mil- 70k mil on 27th Jan in protest
71
What was the Progressive bloc
-Est Aug 16 by 236/422 -
72
When/What was Kornilov's attempted coup
-Post July Days Korni C-in-C --> Moscow State Confrence 12th Aug -19th Aug K demands Cossaks to advance on Pet to 'disperse soviet so it never reassemble'
73
How was the Korni affair ended
-Committee for Struggle (soviets) see Bol released in exchange for stopping K advance (28/8) -Union of All Russian Railroad workers stop K on 30/8
74
How many agents did the Cheka have by 1919
100,000 vs March 1918= 240
75
Cheka + rule of law?
Dzerzhinsky= Ideological fanatasisit= drove much of the violence -Operated outside of the rule of law- only required to report on executions + arrests AFTER they occured (following 1918 clash w commissariat of trade) -Lenin's Hanging Order- Aug 1918= Phenze Cheka to hang 100+ Kulaks in full view of pub
76
Why did Rasputina gain influence?
-Appealed to Tsarina that could cue Alexei (haemaphilic) in 1905 -1912 letter leaked rumors of sex b/w TA +Rasp -Inc inf following TN2 to front in Sep '15
77
Egs of ministerial leap frog
-Sep '15- Feb '17 -4x PM, 3 war ministers +5 ministers of interior- usually at Rasp beheast
78
Provisional government initial reforms
March 3rd- 8 point manifesto- freedom of speech/press/assembly, amnesty for all troops who had disserted -promissed 8hr work day -promised CA elections based on universal sufferage
79
What was the outcome of the July Offensive
-400k deaths + 230km Ger advance -Ker sack C-in-C and replace w Korni (inc discipline)
80
List key policies affecting the Bourgeoise in WC
Oct '18- forced labour of Bour July '18- class based rationing system 'he who doesn't work nor shall he eat'
81
WC policies effecting workers
-Nov '20- all factories w 10+ workers + 5+ workers w machines nationalised -'Communist Sundays'- replaced -Decree on Nationalism- June '18- state take full control of metalergical, textile + mining -Food commisariat take full control of supplying food from May

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