Quicksheet

Question 1

euchromatin

Answer 1

less dense, transcriptionally active DNA

Question 2

histone protein that stabilizes nucleosome

Answer 2

H1

Question 3

histone proteins that form nucleosome

Answer 3

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Question 4

telomeres

Answer 4

end of chromosomes, high GC content to prevent unraveling

Question 5

centromeres

Answer 5

hold sister chromatids together until separated during anaphase in mitosis, high GC content

Question 6

helicase

Answer 6

unwinds DNA

Question 7

single stranded dna binding protein

Answer 7

stabilizes unwound template strands

Question 8

primase

Answer 8

synthesis of rna primers

Question 9

dna polymerse III

Answer 9

prokaryotes, dna synthesis

Question 10

dna polymerase alpha beta and gamma

Answer 10

eukaryotes, dna synthesis

Question 11

dna polymrase I (exonuclease)

Answer 11

prokaryotes, removal of rna primers, 5 to 3

Question 12

RNAase H (exonuclease)

Answer 12

eukaryotes, removal of rna primers, 5 to 3

Question 13

DNA polymerase I

Answer 13

prokaryotes, replacement of rna with DNA

Question 14

dna polymerase gamma

Answer 14

eukaryotes, replacement of rna with dna

Question 15

dna ligase

Answer 15

joining of okazaki fragments

Question 16

dna topoisomerases (dna gyrase)

Answer 16

prokaryotes, removal of positive supercoils

Question 17

dna topoisomerases

Answer 17

eukaryotes, removal of positive supercoils

Question 18

telomerase

Answer 18

only in eukaryotes, synthesis of telomeres

Question 19

leading strand

Answer 19

requires only one primer and can be synthesized continuously

Question 20

lagging strand

Answer 20

requires many primers and is synthesized in discrete sections called okazaki fragments

Question 21

missense mutations

Answer 21

produces a codon that codes for different AA

Question 22

silent mutation

Answer 22

no effect on protein synthesis

Question 23

posttranscriptional modification

Answer 23

1. 7-methylguanylate triphosphate cap added to 5’ end
2. poly-A tail added to 3’ end
3. spliceosome removes introns and adds exons, alternative splicing combines exons

Question 24

stages of translation

Answer 24

intiation, elongation, termination

Question 25

postranslational modifications

Answer 25

1. folding by chaperons 2. formation of quaternary structure 3. cleavage of proteins or signal structure 4. covalent additional of other biomolecules (phosphorylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, prenylation)

Question 26

promoters

Answer 26

within 25 base pairs of transcription start site

Question 27

enhancers

Answer 27

more than 25 base pairs away from transcription start site

Question 28

passive transport

Answer 28

doesnt require ATP, moves down concentration gradient from high to low

Question 29

primary active transport

Answer 29

requires ATP

Question 30

secondary active transport

Answer 30

uses ion gradient, antiport and symport

Question 31

pinocytosis

Answer 31

ingestion of liquid into cell

Question 32

phagocytosis

Answer 32

ingestion of solid material

Question 33

glycolysis

Answer 33

doesnt require oxygen | yields 2 ATP per glucose

Question 34

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer 34

converts pyruvate to acetyl coa | ihibited by insulin, stimulated by acetyl coa

Question 35

where does citric acid cycle occur

Answer 35

mitochondrial matrix

Question 36

where does ETC occur

Answer 36

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 37

where does pentose phosphate pathway occur

Answer 37

cytoplasm of most cells

Question 38

key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis

Answer 38

HMG-CoA reductase

Question 39

palmitic acid

Answer 39

only fatty acid humans can synthesize, produced in cytoplasm

Question 40

chargaff's rules

Answer 40

purines and pyrimidines equal in DNA ONLY | A=T, C=G