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Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is there a universal definition of crime?

A

No

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2
Q

What is a common characteristic of legal definitions of crime?

A

It is a violation of criminal law

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3
Q

Crime is a ______ concept and a ______ concept

A

Social constructed and normative

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4
Q

What are the two types of offences

A

Summary and Indictable

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5
Q

what is a summary offence

A

less serious offence such as theft under 5000, impersonating a police officer, etc.

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6
Q

what is an indictable offence

A

serious offence, e.g., murder, assault

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7
Q

conventional crimes

A

those committed by individuals or small groups in which some degree of direct or indirect contact offucrs

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8
Q

non-conventional crimes

A

not necessarily pursued by the criminal justice system because they are often committed under cover of official positions and are not usually punished (organized crime, political crime, etc.)

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9
Q

deviance

A

a wide range of behaviours that violate a social norm but are not necessarily prohibited by law, e.g., butting in line at a supermarket or cutting off another driver

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10
Q

decriminalization

A

the reductions or removal of criminal penalties to an act without legalizing it

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11
Q

what does it mean by crime is relative

A

what is defined as crime can vary with time and location

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12
Q

what does it mean that crime is evolutive

A

the characteristics of a crime can change, taking different forms over time

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13
Q

consensus crimes

A

activities that are generally considered very harmful for which there is storng support for sanctioning and contorlling them

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14
Q

conflict crimes

A

activities that are not universally considered crimes, even though they are legally defined as such

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15
Q

social deviations

A

behaviours considered disreputable in certain social settings and thus regulated

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16
Q

social diversions

A

minor forms of deviance, such as unconventional dress or use of offensive language, relatively harmless and not subject to regulation

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17
Q

objective of criminology

A

the development of a body of general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge

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18
Q

what kind of science is criminology

A

interdisciplinary

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19
Q

what is a criminologist

A

behaviourist scientist who specializes int eh identification, classification, and description of criminal behaviour

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20
Q

who was Radzinowicz

A

early advocate of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of criminology

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21
Q

5 functions of the criminal justice system

A

investigate criminal offences, lay charges, determine guilt or innocence, sentence those found guilty, administer the sentence

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22
Q

what did people think about deviance before the enlightenment

A

people thought those who were deviant were possessed so they needed to be punished severly and publicly

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23
Q

what does the classical school of thought believe

A

criminals act out of free will, not possessed but behave in self-interest

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24
Q

issue with classical school of thought?

A

it was more so philosophy not criminology reform

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25
What did Beccaria and Bentham argue for
penal reform on humanitarian and philosophical principles
26
What happened in the late 19th century
term criminology entered the scientific discourse
27
what happened in the early 20th c
Maurice Parmelee published the first criminology textbook. Sutherland published principles of criminology
28
etiology
study of the origins or causes of a phenomenon
29
what happens in the subarea of criminal statistics
researchers rely on crime data to understand and predict criminal behaviour and to assess the impact of crime prevention or intervention programs
30
what is scientific evidence
data that can be repeatedly observed and measured ot test theories for their validity and reliability
31
What is the sociology of law concerned with
the origins of law and legal thought
32
What do sociology of law specialists examine
how various economic, political, and social forces have influenced the formalization of social control and social order
33
What is the study of etiology concerned with in terms of crime
causes of crime, its rates and trends, predicting behaviour, whether its groups or individuals
34
explain the scientific method
observing criminal behaviour, collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing their ability to predict similar behaviour
35
What do typologies do
a way of trying to understand and organize criminal behaviour, different types of crime have different causal explanations
36
three formal elements of the CJS
police, courts, corrections
37
what is victimiology
study of the relationships between criminals and their victims as well as the victim and the CJS
38
What did Hentig posit about victimization
victims contribute to their own victimization through their lifestyle, mannerisms, or other forms of behaviour and expressions
39
what is the view of the biology perspective
certain human traits are biological or hard-wired or that certain crimes are a function of chemical, genetic, or neurological aberrations
40
what does the view of economics posit
many studies have demonstrated links between unemployment, economic recession, capitalism, and crime
41
what does the theory of geography and the environment posit
Criminologists seeking to predict crime have developed sophisticated models and theories based on a wide range of environmental factors, form barometric pressure and even phases of the moon, to the physical appearance and layout of a business, residence, social areas, or community
42
what does the approach of political science posit
Political decisions regarding criminal justice have a direct impact on the community at large
43
what does the theory of psychology posit
look at differences in personality and mental characteristics between criminals and others, how individual criminal behaviour is acquired, evoked, and maintained
44
sociology perspective
the effects of that interaction on human behaviour, as well as the forces (such as values, norms, mores, and laws) that underlie regularities in human behaviour
45
what does an interdisciplinary approach to criminology attempt to do
take all perspective into account, integrating the competing notions of crime as a product of free will and a product of various external and internal factors
46
crime rate
number of criminal offences in a category, recording in a fixed ratio like per 100000 people
47
what is our perspective of crime influenced by
the way we have been socialized, by our individual psychological makeup, and even by such biological factors as diet and environmental conditions
48
rationalism
the principle that some kinds of knowledge are innate, and others can be acquired through reasoning, independent of experience
49
Empiricism
the principle that knowledge is acquired only through experience
50
paradigm shift
a fundamental change in the prevailing model or theoretical orientation. When the prevailing model is overwhelmed by new findings, the discipline experiences a paradigm shift
51
5 ways of acquiring knowledge on crime
logical reasoning, authority, consensus, observation, past experience
52
how logical reasoning affects our knowledge on crimq
we form conclusions based on what we believe ot be logical speculation, however, our reasoning may be undermined by such as factors as limited knowledge, our personal biases, and our capacity to ignore contradictions in our thinking
53
authority and knowledge on crim
when an authority says that something is so, we often accept it as fact, we can use an expert to affirm our belief which lends credit to it. However, we tend to seek out experts who we can identify and views that align with our own
54
consensus and knowledge on crime
we often rely on the wisdom of our peer group, the people who make up that group are likely to to be people who have come together because they share a common view
55
observation and knowledge on crime
seeing things for ourselves instead of relying on second-hand information or opinions of others
56
past experience and crime knowledge
most common support for our suppositions, draw on prior experiences to confirm our assumptions
57
4 factors that shape public perceptions
personal knowledge, mass media, official state knowledge, theoretical knowledge
58
how personal knowledge shapes public perceptions
the public has a voice in decisions about the administration of criminal justice, the government in poewr has a vested interest in responding ot the public's will
59
net-widening
the process by which the state expands its control over behaviour through changes to sentencing laws and administrative policies
60
how mass media shapes public perceptions
research suggests that media reporting is not reflective of actual crime relates and media is often responsible for moral panic
61
Moral panic, who is often accused of causing it
widespread, exaggerated public concern over issues associated with morality, new media have sometimes been accused of causing moral panic by publishing sensationalistic accounts of certain issues
62
Mass media moral panics
A condition, episode, person or group of person emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests Tend to involve youth Youth violence, gangs, drugs, harmful effects of mass media
63
folk devils
external threats to established values and institutions
64
claim makers
Individuals who identify those social problems, typically are politicians or media figures how draw attention to an issue They construct the social problem in a certain way and create the moral panic
65
conflict theory
a theoretical perspective that views crime as a natural product of a society that promotes competition and, hence, social and economic disparity
66
left-realism
a theoretical perspective that aims to better understand the implications of crime control policies rather than the causes of crime
67
limitations of official data
reliability, validity, sampling, random error, systematic error, crime funnel
68
juristat
a regular publication of the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, considered the most authoritative source of criminal justice statistics in Canada

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