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Epidemiology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, mortality, injuries, and disability in populations

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2
Q

Epidemic

A

occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal

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3
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemic occurring worldwide, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people

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4
Q

List the 6 key characteristics of Epidemiology

A
  1. population focus
  2. distribution
  3. determinants
  4. outcomes
  5. quantification
  6. control of health problems
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5
Q

distribution in epidemiology

A

the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others

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6
Q

determinants

A

a collective or individual risk factor (or set of factors) that is casually related to a health condition, outcome, or other defined characteristic

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7
Q

List some recent epidemics

A

ebola virus
zika virus
salmonella

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8
Q

List the 5 uses of epidemiology

A
  1. historical
  2. community health
  3. disease causality
  4. health services
  5. risk assessment
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9
Q

What are the stages of Omran’s epidemiologic transition model

A

-pestilence and famine- described a time where morality was high and life expectancy was low
-receding pandemics- mortality declined progressively, but infectious diseases were still primary cause of death
-degenerative, stress, and man-made diseases- mortality eventually approached a stable, low level… non communicable diseases were the primary cause of death

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10
Q

When epidemiology is used as an interdisciplinary approach, what other fields does it include?

A

mathematics and biostatistics
history
sociology
demography and geography
behavioral sciences, sociology, psychology
law

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11
Q

What are the 6 skills acquired through training in epidemiology?

A
  1. use of the interdisciplinary approach
  2. use of the scientific method
  3. enhancement of critical thinking ability
  4. use of quantitative and computer methods
  5. communication skills
  6. science and technology
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12
Q

descriptive epidemiology

A

refers to epidemiologic studies concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population

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13
Q

analytic epidemiology

A

examines casual hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and conditions

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14
Q

John Gaunt

A

first to quantify disease patterns
published a report on births and deaths in London
FATHER OF DEMOGRAPHY

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15
Q

William Farr

A

established a system for routine compilation of number and causes of death in England and Wales

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16
Q

John Snow

A

studied whether drinking water in certain areas increased risk of cholera
FATHER OF EPI

17
Q

List some recent innovations and discoveries in the contemporary era (1940-present)

A
  • Framingham study
  • CDC’s epidemic intelligence service
  • publication of U.S. Surgeon General’s report
  • smallpox eradication
  • discovery of HPV and cervical cancer
  • discovery of bacterium and peptic ulcers
  • discovery of genetic factors and cancer
18
Q

Framingham Study

A
  • risk factors for coronary heart disease initiated by Dr. Thomas Dawber
  • CROWN JEWEL OF EPI
19
Q

managerial epidemiology

A

the application of epidemiologic methods to management problems
could include patient outcomes as a performance indicator

20
Q

discrete variable

A

-has a finite or countable number of values
- ex. household size, number of children

21
Q

continuous variable

A

-made up of continuous data with a finite number of possible values on a continuum
- ex. heart rate, blood cholesterol, blood sugar levels

22
Q

nominal measurement scale

A
  • labels, names
  • all scales are mutually exclusive with no overlap
  • ex. zip code, major, gender, religion
23
Q

ordinal measurement scale

A
  • typically measures of non - numeric concepts
  • categorical data, not equal intervals
  • ex. grades, judging, rating scale
24
Q

interval measurement scale

A
  • numerical scale, exact difference
  • equal intervals
  • increments are known, consistent, and measurable
  • ex. SAT score, ACT score, IQ, temperature, time
25
Q

ratio measurement scale

A
  • similar to interval, but with a CLEAR DEFINITION OF ZERO
  • order, exact value, absolute zero
  • ex. height, weight, time, salary, age
26
Q

What U.S. entity uses the 90% confidence interval in its representation of the entire population?

A

U.S. Census Bureau

Epidemiology (1 decks)

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