quiz 1 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
the study of the structure of body parts
2
Q
Physiology
A
the study of the function of the body
3
Q
macroscopic anatomy (gross anatomy)
A
anatomy visible to the naked eye
4
Q
regional anatomy
A
all the structures in a particular region of the body
5
Q
systemic anatomy
A
all the structures within an organ system
6
Q
surface anatomy
A
internal organs as they relate to overlying skin surface
7
Q
how many organ systems are there?
A
11 organ systems
8
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
anatomy NOT visible to the naked eye
9
Q
cytology
A
the study of cells
10
Q
histology
A
the study of tissues
11
Q
developmental anatomy
A
structural changes that occur throughout life
12
Q
embryology
A
developmental changes that occur before birth
13
Q
chemical level/ atoms
A
the smallest units of nonliving matter
14
Q
cellular level/ cells
A
the smallest units of living matter
15
Q
tissue level/ tissues
A
a group of similar cells that have a common function
16
Q
4 major type of tissues in the human body
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
17
Q
organ level/ organ
A
a structure composed of one or more tissue types
18
Q
organ system level/ organ system
A
several organs that accomplish a common purpose
19
Q
organism
A
YOU!!!!!
20
Q
maintaining boundaries
A
plasma membrane of each cells
integumentary system (skin)
21
Q
movement
A
contractility of skeletal and smooth muscles
muscular system
22
Q
responsiveness
A
ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them (pain, temperature, chemicals)
nervous system
23
Q
digestion
A
breakdown of food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream then brought to all the body cells
digestive system
24
Q
metabolism
A
all the chemical reactions with the body cells (catabolism, anabolism, and cellular respiration)
digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine system
25
excretion
removing wastes from the body
digestive, urinary, respiratory systems
26
reproduction (Cellular level)
one cell divides into two cells (mitosis)
27
reproduction (organism level)
one cell divides into 1 egg or 4 sperm (meiosis)
28
growth
an increase in size of the body part or of an organism
29
survival needs
nutrients (food)
oxygen
water
temperature (37C or 98.6F)
pressure
30
homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain a balanced internal state
31
homeostatic control (communication by the nervous system)
using electrical impulses
32
homeostatic control (communication by the endocrine system)
using hormones
33
variable
composed of 3 components
34
receptor (going in)
monitors the environment- responds to stimuli- sends information to the control center
35
control center
maintains the variable at a specific level or range- determines set point
36
effector (going out)
the control center responds to the stimuli
37
negative feedback mechanisms
- when the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
-must keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges, make continuous adjustments
nervous system= control of body temperature
endocrine system= control of blood sugar by insulin
38
positive feedback mechanisms
- when the output or response enhances the original stimulus
- response is self- propagating and amplified= a cascade
39
homeostatic imbalance
disease or illness
40
anatomical position
body standing
feet slightly apart
palms facing forward
41
superior
towards the head
42
inferior
towards the feet
43
anterior
towards the front
44
posterior
towards the back
45
medial
towards the midline
46
lateral
away from midline
47
cranial
towards the head (skull)
48
caudal
towards the feet (tail)
49
ventral
towards the front
50
dorsal
towards the back
51
proximal
closer to the origin of the body parts
52
distal
farther away from the origin of the body parts
53
superficial
towards or at the body surface
54
deep
away from the body surface
55
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, ribcage
56
appendicular skeleton
arms, legs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle
57
body planes and sections
- the body is often cut or sectioned along a flat surface called a plane
-the most common are the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes
58
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves (median plane)
59
midsagittal plane
equal right and left halves
60
parasagittal
offset from the midline
61
frontal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior regions (coronal)
62
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves (cross-section , horizontal)
63
oblique plane
divides the body at an angle
64
dorsal body cavity (cranial cavity)
contains the brain
65
dorsal body cavity (vertebral cavity)
contains the spinal cord
66
vertebral body cavity (thoracic cavity)
chest
67
vertebral body cavity (abdominopelvic cavity)
abdomen and pelvic
68
thoracic cavity (pleural cavities)
lateral chest
contains the lungs
69
thoracic cavity (perocardical cavity)
mediastinum
contains the heart, esophagus, trachea
70
abdiminopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity)
contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder
71
abdominopelvic cavity (pelvic cavity)
contains the bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
72
diaphragm muscle
separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
73
serous membrane
thin double layered membrane that covers the body cavity walls and the body organs
74
parietal serosa
the membrane that lines the body cavity walls
75
visceral serosa
the membrane that lines the body organs themselves
76
serous fluid
located between the parietal and visceral layers
a lubricating fluid that separates the two membranes to prevent friction
77
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
liver
78
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
stomach
79
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
appendix
80
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
small intestine
81
umbilical region
right and left lumbar regions
82
epigastric region
left and right hypochondriac regions
83
hypogastric region
right and left inguinal regions
84
matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
85
energy
the capacity to do work
measured by its effects on matter
86
kinetic energy
energy of motion
87
potential energy
stored energy
88
chemical energy
energy stored in the bond of chemical substances
89
electrical energy
results from the movement of charged particles
90
mechanical energy
energy directly involved in moving matter
91
radiant energy
energy that travels in waves
92
elements
- all matter is composed of elements
- substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
93
S.P.O.N.C.H. is 96% of the human body weight
sulfur
phosphorus
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen
94
atoms
each element is composed of the same type of atoms
95
protons
found in the nucleus (+1)
96
neutrons
found in the nucleus (no charge)
97
electrons
travel around the nucleus (-1)
98
atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
99
atomic mass
the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
100
isotope
atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses
101
molecules
combination of two or more atoms
102
compounds
combination of two or more different atoms
103
energy shells
1st energy level- can hold up 2 electrons
2nd energy level- can hold up 8 electrons
3rd energy level- can hold up to 18 electrons
104
valance shell
the electrons in an atom's outermost energy level
105
octet rule
-atoms want to have 8 valence electrons in their outmost energy level
most stable when have full octet of electrons
- atoms will gain, lose, share electrons to have full octet
- hydrogen and helium are the only exceptions to the rule
106
ionic bond
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
(donation and acceptance)
107
Na+
cation (postive)
108
Cl-
anion (negative)
109
covalent bond
atoms share electrons
110
nonpolar covalent bond
atoms share electrons equally
-usually found when two of the same atoms bond
111
polar covalent bond
atoms share electrons unequally
- usually found when two different atoms bond
112
dipole
one side of the molecule is electronegative and the other side is electropositive
113
hydrogen bond
a bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule
