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AP quiz 1 > quiz 1 > Flashcards

quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structure of body parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the function of the body

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3
Q

macroscopic anatomy (gross anatomy)

A

anatomy visible to the naked eye

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4
Q

regional anatomy

A

all the structures in a particular region of the body

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5
Q

systemic anatomy

A

all the structures within an organ system

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6
Q

surface anatomy

A

internal organs as they relate to overlying skin surface

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7
Q

how many organ systems are there?

A

11 organ systems

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8
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

anatomy NOT visible to the naked eye

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9
Q

cytology

A

the study of cells

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10
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues

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11
Q

developmental anatomy

A

structural changes that occur throughout life

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12
Q

embryology

A

developmental changes that occur before birth

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13
Q

chemical level/ atoms

A

the smallest units of nonliving matter

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14
Q

cellular level/ cells

A

the smallest units of living matter

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15
Q

tissue level/ tissues

A

a group of similar cells that have a common function

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16
Q

4 major type of tissues in the human body

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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17
Q

organ level/ organ

A

a structure composed of one or more tissue types

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18
Q

organ system level/ organ system

A

several organs that accomplish a common purpose

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19
Q

organism

A

YOU!!!!!

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20
Q

maintaining boundaries

A

plasma membrane of each cells
integumentary system (skin)

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21
Q

movement

A

contractility of skeletal and smooth muscles
muscular system

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22
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them (pain, temperature, chemicals)
nervous system

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23
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream then brought to all the body cells
digestive system

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24
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions with the body cells (catabolism, anabolism, and cellular respiration)
digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine system

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25
Q

excretion

A

removing wastes from the body
digestive, urinary, respiratory systems

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26
Q

reproduction (Cellular level)

A

one cell divides into two cells (mitosis)

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27
Q

reproduction (organism level)

A

one cell divides into 1 egg or 4 sperm (meiosis)

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28
Q

growth

A

an increase in size of the body part or of an organism

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29
Q

survival needs

A

nutrients (food)
oxygen
water
temperature (37C or 98.6F)
pressure

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30
Q

homeostasis

A

the ability of an organism to maintain a balanced internal state

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31
Q

homeostatic control (communication by the nervous system)

A

using electrical impulses

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32
Q

homeostatic control (communication by the endocrine system)

A

using hormones

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33
Q

variable

A

composed of 3 components

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34
Q

receptor (going in)

A

monitors the environment- responds to stimuli- sends information to the control center

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35
Q

control center

A

maintains the variable at a specific level or range- determines set point

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36
Q

effector (going out)

A

the control center responds to the stimuli

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37
Q

negative feedback mechanisms

A
  • when the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
    -must keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges, make continuous adjustments
    nervous system= control of body temperature
    endocrine system= control of blood sugar by insulin
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38
Q

positive feedback mechanisms

A
  • when the output or response enhances the original stimulus
  • response is self- propagating and amplified= a cascade
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39
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A

disease or illness

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40
Q

anatomical position

A

body standing
feet slightly apart
palms facing forward

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41
Q

superior

A

towards the head

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42
Q

inferior

A

towards the feet

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43
Q

anterior

A

towards the front

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44
Q

posterior

A

towards the back

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45
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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46
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

47
Q

cranial

A

towards the head (skull)

48
Q

caudal

A

towards the feet (tail)

49
Q

ventral

A

towards the front

50
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back

51
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body parts

52
Q

distal

A

farther away from the origin of the body parts

53
Q

superficial

A

towards or at the body surface

54
Q

deep

A

away from the body surface

55
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, ribcage

56
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

arms, legs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

57
Q

body planes and sections

A
  • the body is often cut or sectioned along a flat surface called a plane
    -the most common are the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes
58
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves (median plane)

59
Q

midsagittal plane

A

equal right and left halves

60
Q

parasagittal

A

offset from the midline

61
Q

frontal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior regions (coronal)

62
Q

transverse plane

A

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves (cross-section , horizontal)

63
Q

oblique plane

A

divides the body at an angle

64
Q

dorsal body cavity (cranial cavity)

A

contains the brain

65
Q

dorsal body cavity (vertebral cavity)

A

contains the spinal cord

66
Q

vertebral body cavity (thoracic cavity)

A

chest

67
Q

vertebral body cavity (abdominopelvic cavity)

A

abdomen and pelvic

68
Q

thoracic cavity (pleural cavities)

A

lateral chest
contains the lungs

69
Q

thoracic cavity (perocardical cavity)

A

mediastinum
contains the heart, esophagus, trachea

70
Q

abdiminopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity)

A

contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder

71
Q

abdominopelvic cavity (pelvic cavity)

A

contains the bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

72
Q

diaphragm muscle

A

separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

73
Q

serous membrane

A

thin double layered membrane that covers the body cavity walls and the body organs

74
Q

parietal serosa

A

the membrane that lines the body cavity walls

75
Q

visceral serosa

A

the membrane that lines the body organs themselves

76
Q

serous fluid

A

located between the parietal and visceral layers
a lubricating fluid that separates the two membranes to prevent friction

77
Q

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

liver

78
Q

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

stomach

79
Q

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

appendix

80
Q

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

A

small intestine

81
Q

umbilical region

A

right and left lumbar regions

82
Q

epigastric region

A

left and right hypochondriac regions

83
Q

hypogastric region

A

right and left inguinal regions

84
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

85
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work
measured by its effects on matter

86
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

87
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

88
Q

chemical energy

A

energy stored in the bond of chemical substances

89
Q

electrical energy

A

results from the movement of charged particles

90
Q

mechanical energy

A

energy directly involved in moving matter

91
Q

radiant energy

A

energy that travels in waves

92
Q

elements

A
  • all matter is composed of elements
  • substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
93
Q

S.P.O.N.C.H. is 96% of the human body weight

A

sulfur
phosphorus
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen

94
Q

atoms

A

each element is composed of the same type of atoms

95
Q

protons

A

found in the nucleus (+1)

96
Q

neutrons

A

found in the nucleus (no charge)

97
Q

electrons

A

travel around the nucleus (-1)

98
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atom

99
Q

atomic mass

A

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

100
Q

isotope

A

atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses

101
Q

molecules

A

combination of two or more atoms

102
Q

compounds

A

combination of two or more different atoms

103
Q

energy shells

A

1st energy level- can hold up 2 electrons
2nd energy level- can hold up 8 electrons
3rd energy level- can hold up to 18 electrons

104
Q

valance shell

A

the electrons in an atom’s outermost energy level

105
Q

octet rule

A

-atoms want to have 8 valence electrons in their outmost energy level
most stable when have full octet of electrons
- atoms will gain, lose, share electrons to have full octet
- hydrogen and helium are the only exceptions to the rule

106
Q

ionic bond

A

electrons are transferred from one atom to another
(donation and acceptance)

107
Q

Na+

A

cation (postive)

108
Q

Cl-

A

anion (negative)

109
Q

covalent bond

A

atoms share electrons

110
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

atoms share electrons equally
-usually found when two of the same atoms bond

111
Q

polar covalent bond

A

atoms share electrons unequally
- usually found when two different atoms bond

112
Q

dipole

A

one side of the molecule is electronegative and the other side is electropositive

113
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule

AP quiz 1 (2 decks)

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