Quiz 1

Question 1

Where do early cardiac progenitors arise from?

Answer 1

Crescent-shaped fields of lateral splanchnic mesodefm

Question 2

Components of the linear heart tube

Answer 2

Single layer of endocardium and single layer of cardiomyocyte precursors

Question 3

Why do some forms of congenital and adult heart diseases affect regions of the heart to varying degrees?

Answer 3

Due to different embryologic origins

Question 4

Where do cardiac jellies accumulate?

Answer 4

Endocardial cushions

Question 5

What secretes cardiac jellies?

Answer 5

Single layer of myocardial cells

Question 6

What orchestrates the bilateral symmetry of aortic arch arteries?

Answer 6

Migrating neural crest cells from the dorsal tube

Question 7

Smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of the aortic arch, ductus arteriosus, and the carotid arteries are derived form where?

Answer 7

Neural crests

Question 8

Smooth muscle cells of the descending aorta are derived from where?

Answer 8

Lateral plate mesoderm

Question 9

What vitamins are neural crests sensitive to?

Answer 9

Vitamin A and Folic acid

Question 10

Cells important in coronary artery formation

Answer 10

Epicardial cells

Question 11

Proepicardial cells are derived from this

Answer 11

Septum transversum

Question 12

Upper body arteries : neural crest :: lower body arteries : ____

Answer 12

Neighboring mesodermal structures

Question 13

Components of the trilaminar structure of arteries

Answer 13

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

Question 14

Vasculature of large arteries

Answer 14

Vasa vasorum

Question 15

Endogenous substances produced by endothelial cells

Answer 15

Prostacyclin
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
Nitric oxide
Hydrogen peroxide

Question 16

Example of vasoconstrictor produced by endothelial cells

Answer 16

Endothelin

Question 17

Functions of endothelial cells

Answer 17

Optimize balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Antithrombotic, profibrinolytic
Anti-inflammatory
Antiproliferative
Antioxidant
Permeselectivity

Question 18

What regulates the capacitance of venous tree and influences ventricular preload?

Answer 18

Venous tone

Question 19

What secretes bulk of vascular ECM?

Answer 19

Smooth muscle cells

Question 20

T/F. Vascular smooth muscle cells respond to vasomotor or inflammatory stimuli elaborated by other cell types, similar to endothelial cells.

Answer 20

False. They do not respond to other cells but themselves

Question 21

What causes smooth muscle contraction?

Answer 21

Rise in cytoplasmic calcium concentration due to transmembrane influx and triggered release from intracellular calcium stores

Question 22

What are calcium sparks

Answer 22

Local changes in intracellular calcium concentration

Question 23

What activates myosin light chain kinase?

Answer 23

Calcium

Question 24

What modulates vascular smooth muscle cells?

Answer 24

Autonomic nervous system and endothelial cells

Question 25

What are the principal neurotransmitters of sympathetic?

Answer 25

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Question 26

Principal neurotransmitter of parasympathetic

Answer 26

Acetylcholine

Question 27

Principal neurotransmitter of nonadrenergic/noncholinergic nitrergic subgroup

Answer 27

Nitric oxide

Question 28

Principal neurotransmitter of nonadrenergic/noncholinergic peptidergic subgroup

Answer 28

Substance P Vasoactive intestinal peptide Calcitonin gene-related peptide ATP

Question 29

Receptors activated by norepinephrine

Answer 29

Alpha adrenergic receptors

Question 30

Receptors activated by epinephrine

Answer 30

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 31

Alpha 1 : large arteries :: ___ : small arteries and arterioles

Answer 31

Alpha 2

Question 32

What type of beta receptors do most blood vessels express?

Answer 32

Beta 2

Question 33

What type of receptors does Ach bind to?

Answer 33

Muscarinic receptors

Question 34

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 34

Endothelial proliferation and tube formation

Question 35

What is true arteriogenesis?

Answer 35

Development of new blood vessel that includes all three cell layers

Question 36

T/F. True arteriogenesis does not occur in adult mammals.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Principal determinant of the inotropic state of the heart

Answer 37

Intracytoplasmic [Ca2+]