Quiz 1

Question 1

A technique in which the observer records an individual’s current activity at a preselected moment in time.

Answer 1

Instantaneous sampling

Question 2

An individual whose niche is substantially narrower than its population’s niche

Answer 2

Individual specialist

Question 3

Employed to explain the HOW something works or how it developed

Answer 3

Proximate questions (causal / developmental)

Question 4

A patch where the most preferred cue is present but the habitat quality is low (can become a population sink)

Answer 4

Ecological trap

Question 5

Movement of animals over a large distance to find better conditions in a given season

Answer 5

Migration

Question 6

Measures the proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic variance

Answer 6

Heritability analysis

Question 7

Female birds place their eggs in the nest of other individuals

Answer 7

Brood parsitism

Question 8

The observable properties of an organism

Answer 8

Phenotype

Question 9

Present at birth and do not require learning; results from the nervous system.

Answer 9

Innate behaviors

Question 10

A way of measuring heritability by examining the role of environment variance

Answer 10

Parent-offspring regression

Question 11

The application of animal behavior to solve wildlife conservation problems.

Answer 11

Conservation behavior

Question 12

The sociobiological notion that genes are the units upon which natural selection acts

Answer 12

“Selfish gene” approach

Question 13

The process by which population density has an effect on the per capita rate of population change.

Answer 13

Density dependence

Question 14

Any change in genetic structure

Answer 14

Mutation

Question 15

Management plans are modified based on the results of well-designed experiments that collect data on factors or variables that are demonstrably important

Answer 15

Active adaptive management

Question 16

Based on sex allocation theory; in species where male quality is essential for mating, females in good body condition can allocate more energy into producing males.

Answer 16

Sex ratio manipulation

Question 17

Individuals that are dominant occupy the highest-quality patches first, then as the resources become scarcer, dominant individuals force subordinate to occupy patches of lower quality

Answer 17

Ideal despotic distribution

Question 18

Particularly suitable for studying small-spatial-scale decisions, whereas translocation experiments are appropriate for larger spatial scale decision

Answer 18

Playback experiments

Question 19

The tendency for individuals to move towards a predator to gain various types of information

Answer 19

Predator inspection

Question 20

Two copies of an allele are necessary for the expression of the trait

Answer 20

Recessive

Question 21

If there is high winter mortality because of starvation or hypothermia, the population entering the breeding season will be smaller than the summer carrying capacity, can lead to negative relationship between abundance and habitat quality

Answer 21

Winter-regulated population

Question 22

Provide a way to investigate the responses that emerge from various decisions individuals make in response to the environmental variability

Answer 22

Individual-based models (IBMs)

Question 23

A gene variant; one of two or more alternative forms of a gene.

Answer 23

Allele

Question 24

Grew out of ethology - researchers examine the ecological bases of animal behavior focusing on the behavior’s cost and benefits

Answer 24

Behavioral ecology

Question 25

Instantaneous sampling done on groups of individuals

Answer 25

Scan sampling

Question 26

The response of an organism to stimulus; whenever an organism is engaged in an activity - voluntary or involuntary

Answer 26

Behavior

Question 27

The "rules" that animals follow

Answer 27

Behavioral mechanisms

Question 28

Biologists use historical data or data from uncontrolled experiments to come up with "best guess" management.

Answer 28

Passive adaptive mangement

Question 29

A patch where habitat quality is high but the preferred cues are absent or the less preferred cue is present.

Answer 29

Undervalued resource

Question 30

An animal is captured in one location, marked, and moved to another location; the time is takes to get back to the origin is measured.

Answer 30

Temporary translocation

Question 31

A change in the frequencies of alleles of a population over time.

Answer 31

Evolution

Question 32

The movement between two successive breeding areas or social groups

Answer 32

Breeding dispersal

Question 33

Occurs when an animal learns NOT to respond to some stimulus

Answer 33

Habituation

Question 34

Individual's have two copies of each gene, such genes remain distinct entities and they segregate fairly during the formation of eggs or sperm

Answer 34

Mendel's 1st law

Question 35

The study of animal behavior in natural environments, seeking to determine the proximate and ultimate bases of behavior

Answer 35

Ethology

Question 36

A measure of the magnitude of an effect (the importance of a particular relationship)

Answer 36

Effect size

Question 37

Any sampling method in which all occurrences of a specified inter(action) of an individual or specified group are recorded during each sample period.

Answer 37

Focal animal sampling

Question 38

Such records are the result of unconscious sampling decisions, often with the observer recording "as much as he can" or whatever is most readily observed

Answer 38

Ad libitum sampling

Question 39

The use of behavioral assays to identify toxic chemicals

Answer 39

Ethotoxicology

Question 40

The focus of observation is an interaction sequence rather than a particular individual.

Answer 40

Sequence sampling

Question 41

An instructive behavioral reflex; performed perfectly the first time and generally run through to completion.

Answer 41

Fixed reaction pattern (FAP)

Question 42

Combines the results of previously published studies to provide an overall effect size of a particular treatment

Answer 42

Meta-analysis

Question 43

Mating between relatives; higher risk of retaining harmful alleles

Answer 43

Inbreeding

Question 44

When pairs of chromosomes line up during cell division, sections of one may "cross over" and swap positions with sections of the other.

Answer 44

Genetic recombination

Question 45

Allows for fast and more accurate estimates of habitat quality, based on the performance of other individuals of the same or different species

Answer 45

Public information

Question 46

Which genes the individual possesses

Answer 46

Genotype

Question 47

If there is little winter mortality, population abundance will be higher than the carrying capacity the following breeding season, generating a surplus of individuals that may not be able to reproduce because of lack of territory

Answer 47

Summer-regulated population

Question 48

Predicts a proportional distribution of individuals between patches

Answer 48

Ideal Free Distribution (IFD)

Question 49

Individuals are attracted to members of other species

Answer 49

Heterospecific attraction

Question 50

More than one gene is responsible for the expression of some behavior

Answer 50

Polygenic

Question 51

Offspring remain at their natal area and share the home range or territory with their parents

Answer 51

Natal philopatry

Question 52

The distance from which a particular landscape element can be perceived

Answer 52

Perceptual range

Question 53

Swimming together in a group

Answer 53

Shoaling

Question 54

The change in an individual's reproductive success associated with what behavior the individual displays

Answer 54

Fitness

Question 55

The movement between the natal area or social group and the area or social group where breeding takes place.

Answer 55

Natal dispersal

Question 56

Entails visiting several areas, revisiting some, and then choosing the areas judged to be the highest quality

Answer 56

Comparison

Question 57

The general phenomenon whereby an animal's experience in its natal habitat induces a preference for a post-dispersal habitat with similar qualities

Answer 57

Natal habitat preference induction (NHPI)

Question 58

Originally developed for studying spontaneous behavior in children; samples whether a behavior occurs at least once or not at all.

Answer 58

One-zero sampling

Question 59

The quality of the cue in the ecological trap is enhanced over the source habitat; more animals will be likely to setting in the trap than the source.

Answer 59

Severe trap

Question 60

A common measure of effect size; the larger it is, the stronger the effect

Answer 60

Correlation coefficient (r)

Question 61

Found in a variety of reptiles; a difference in temperature influences the sex of the offspring.

Answer 61

Temperature-dependent sex determination

Question 62

The extent to which a combination of landscape elements enhances or limits the movement between habitat patches

Answer 62

Functional connectivity

Question 63

The process of humans choosing certain varieties of an organism over others by implementing breeding programs that favor one variety over another

Answer 63

Artificial selection

Question 64

The external stimulus the triggers the FAP motor response.

Answer 64

Sign stimulus

Question 65

Assuming that fitness decreases with population density, this model allows us to infer empirically patterns of population regulation based on density estimates between habitats that are qualitatively and/or quantitatively different and adjacent.

Answer 65

Isodar model

Question 66

A way to measure effect size when comparing the responses of two treatments or of two groups

Answer 66

d-score

Question 67

Occurs through everyday activities without an obvious, immediate reward.

Answer 67

Latent learning

Question 68

hypotheses about evolution that are created using morphological, behavioral, and/or molecular traits

Answer 68

Phylogenies

Question 69

Animals arrive at a location, decide whether to accept or reject it as a place to live, and in the even that they reject it, continue their search

Answer 69

Sequential search

Question 70

Occurs when variations of a trait that best suit an individual to its environment, and are heritable, increase in frequency over evolutionary time.

Answer 70

Natural selection

Question 71

Traits associated with the highest relative fitness in a given environment

Answer 71

Adaptations

Question 72

A means of measuring heritability by finding a selection differential

Answer 72

Truncation selection experiment

Question 73

Movement of animals over a small to medium distance to establish home ranges

Answer 73

Dispersal

Question 74

Employed to explain WHY we see the diversity of behavior

Answer 74

Ultimate questions (evolutionary/current adaptive utility)

Question 75

Made after a cue that was added makes both source and ecological trap look the same; animals are expected to settle equally in both habitats

Answer 75

Equal-preference trap

Question 76

The formal study of non-human behavior

Answer 76

Animal behavior

Question 77

The application of scientific principles to conserve and manage wildlife populations.

Answer 77

Wildlife management

Question 78

Individuals are attracted to conspecifics and elect to settling in areas near them

Answer 78

Conspecific attraction

Question 79

A single copy of the allele is all that is necessary for that trait to be expressed

Answer 79

Dominant

Question 80

Occurs when some mental connection occurs following the presentation of stimuli

Answer 80

Associative learning

Question 81

Combines principles of ecology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and other theoretically based disciplines to the maintenance of biodiversity.

Answer 81

Conservation biology