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MICRB 201 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Microorganisms

A

life forms too small to be seen by the unaided eye

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2
Q

Microorganism activities are regulated by:

A

-interactions with each other
-interactions with the environment
-interactions with other organisms

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3
Q

pathogens

A

microbes that cause disease

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4
Q

microbial culture

A

collection of cells that have grown in or on a nutrient medium

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5
Q

medium

A

liquid or solid nutrient mixture that contains all nutrients necessary for microorganisms to grow

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6
Q

growth

A

refers to the increase in cell number as a result of cell division

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7
Q

why are microbial cells useful for understanding the basis of life

A

teach us how genes evolve and how they regulate the activities of cells

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8
Q

Structures all cells have:

A

-cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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9
Q

what does the cytoplasmic membrane seperate

A

the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from the outside of the cell

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10
Q

the cytoplasm is an aqueous mixture of :

A

-macromolecules
(ex: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccharides)
-small organic molecules precursors of macromolecules
-inorganic ions
-ribosomes

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11
Q

ribosomes

A

structures responsible for protein synthesis

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12
Q

cell walls are typically found in:

A

plant cells and most microorganisms but not animal cells

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13
Q

organelles

A

membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic structures in eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure is found within two different groups:

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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15
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No, prokaryotic cells have few internal structures like the nucleus and organelles

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16
Q

Which came first? Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

genome

A

the full set of genes in the cell

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18
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA that encodes a protein or an RNA molecule

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19
Q

genomes are organized into:

A

chromosomes

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20
Q

Chromosomes in eukaryotes

A

DNA is present as several linear molecules formed into a chromosome inside the nucleus

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21
Q

Chromosomes in Prokaryotes

A

typically closed circular chromosome that clusters together within the cell to form a nucleotide (not enclosed by membrane)
-many also contain smaller circles of DNA distinct from the chromosome called plasmids

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22
Q

Plasmids

A

contain DNA in prokaryotes separate from the chromosome with genes that are not essential but serve some special purpose (ex: metabolism, antibiotic resistance)

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23
Q

prokaryote size

A

tend to be small and compact w between 500-10000 genes

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24
Q

eukaryotic shape

A

larger and less streamlined w many more varying amounts of genes

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25
Genes are decoded to form _______ that regulate cellular processes that __________ and ______________
Enzymes, supply energy and perform biosynthesis within the cell
26
Transcription
The process by which the information encoded in DNA sequences is copied into an RNA molecule
27
Translation
the information in an RNA molecule is used by a ribosome to synthesize a protein
28
differentiation
formation of modified cells specialized for growth, dispersal or survival
29
cells respond to chemical signals in environment such as:
- those produced by other cells of either the same or different species -signals trigger new cellular activities
30
horizontal gene transfer
when prokaryotic cells exchange genes with neighboring cells regardless of species
31
morphology
defined by cell size and shape
32
why are eukaryotes bigger in size than prokaryotes
-the cell structure in eukaryotes allows for active transport of molecules within the cytoplasm whereas prokaryotes rely on diffusion which makes it more advantageous for them to be smaller and therefore limit the size
33
small cell surface to volume ratio
-higher surface to volume ratio -means small cells can exchange nutrients and wastes more rapidly than large ones -results in free living cells being smaller and more efficient than largercells
34
coccus
prokaryotic cell that is spherical or ovoid in shape
35
rod/ bacillus
cylindrically shaped prokaryotic cell
36
spirillum
spiral shaped prokaryotic cell
37
Three major cell groups
archaea, eukarya and bacteria
38
viruses
group of microorganisms that lack a cellular structure
39
what cell structure to bacteria have
-prokaryotic
40
archaea have what kind of cell structure
-prokaryotic
41
what domain is associated with extreme environments
archaea
42
what domain lacks any known disease causing species
archaea
43
eukaryka consists of
-plants animals and fungi
44
why arent viruses considered alive
although they can replicate, viruses can only perform cellular functions within the cytoplasm of a host cell -they also do not carry out metabolic processes and instead take over metabolic systems of infected cells and use them to produce more viruses
45
cyanobacteria
-oxygen producing, early phototroph that began the process of oxygenating the earths atmosphere allowing multicellular life forms to evolve
46
Micrographia
first book devoted to microscopic observations written by robert hooke in 1665
47
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
first person to see bacteria-the smallest microbial cells (after robert hooke in 1676)
48
how did leeuwenhoek see bacteria
constructed simple light microscopes with a single lens
49
what did leewenhoek call bacteria when he first observed them
animalcules
50
what procedure is the gram stain used for
differential staining procedure in order to see different kinds of cells in different colors to observe them under a microscope
51
What does gram positive bacteria look like
-appear purple violet because of the differences in cell wall structures
52
what does gram negative bacteria look like
-appears pink in color because of the differences in the cell wall structure
53
what is the purpose of the gram stain procedure
-often performed to begin the characterization of a new bacteria
54
three ways to improve contrast in light microscopy
- gram stain -phase-contrast microscopy -fluorescence microscopy
55
how to electron microscopes image cells
-use electrons instead of photons -electromagnets function as lenses and the system operates in a vacuum
56
what type of electron microscope would be used to view a cluster of cells? What type of microscope would be used to observe internal cell structure
-scanning electron microscope -transmission electron microscopy
57
aseptic technique
a collection of practices that allow for preparation and maintenance of sterile nutrient media and solutions -essential for the isolation and maintenance of pure cultures of bacteria
58
pure cultures
cultures that contain cells from only a single type of microorganisms
59
enrichment culture technique
-allow for isolation from nature of microbes having particular metabolic characteristics, facilitate the discovery of divers microorganisms
60
What did pasteur initially study
-studied crystals formed during the production of alcohol and noticed that chemically identical substances can be oriented in different ways and these different isomers influence molecular properties
61
what did pasteur find when he studied the alcohol that smelled of sour milk? What did he hypothesize?
-he observed that the vats that produced alcohol were full of yeast but the sour vats were full of rod-shaped bacteria. -Hypothesized that these were living organisms whose growth produced either alcohol or lactic acid
62
what did pasture learn about heating the bacteria cultures
heating the cultures eliminated the growth and the production of either alcohol or lactic acid
62
spontaneous generation
before pasture, it was a common belief that life arose spontaneously from nonliving materials
62
Where did pasture believe that other organisms growing in his yeast extract medium came from
- decentants of cells that entered from the air -cells that had initially been present on decaying materials
63
What did pasture think would be a good solution to keep food from spoiling?
if food wre treated in a way to destroy all living organisms present (aka steralize) it would not decay. -he found that extensive heating of nutrient solutions followed by sealing it kept it from putrefying

MICRB 201 (3 decks)

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