QUIZ 1

Question 1

True or False? Essential nutrients are those that the body cannot manufacture, and the absence of essential nutrients can cause deficiency diseases.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What are Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?

Answer 2

The amount of a particular nutrient that most healthy people in a similar life-stage and sex will need to decrease the risk of chronic disease.

Question 3

What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR):

Answer 3

The amount of a nutrient required to meet basic requirements for half of the people in a particular population.

Question 4

What is Adequate Intake (AI)?

Answer 4

The amount of a nutrient that most people in a group or population consume.

*This is helpful when there is not enough data to establish an RDA for a nutrient.

Question 5

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)?

Answer 5

The upper limit on the amount of a particular nutrient or the maximum an individual should consume.

Question 6

What are Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)?

Answer 6

The recommended percentages of intake for energy-yielding nutrients (carbohydrates, fat, protein)

Question 7

All carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of…

Answer 7

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)

Question 8

What is the AMDR for carbohydrates?

Answer 8

45-65% of calories

Question 9

Name 3 types of carbohydrates? Define and give examples.

Answer 9

1. Monosaccharides: simple carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and galactose)
2. Disaccharides: simple carbohydrates (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
3. Polysaccharides: complex carbohydrates (starch, fiber, and glycogen)

Question 10

Digestion occurs mainly in…

Answer 10

the small intestine

Question 11

Fiber is also a carbohydrate. True or false?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Total fiber AI is what?

Answer 12

25 g/day for females and 38 g/day for males.

Question 13

Types of proteins

Answer 13

Complete proteins - from animal sources and soy

Incomplete proteins - generally from plant sources

*Complementary Proteins - incomplete proteins that, when combined, provide a complete protein

Question 14

What is the RDA for protein?

Answer 14

0.8g/kg or 10-35% of total calories

Question 15

List and define the three categories of Fats.

Answer 15

1. Triglycerides - Total 95% of fat in food. They combine with glycerol to supply energy to the body, allow fat-soluble vitamin transport, and form adipose tissue that protects internal organs
2. Phospholipids - important to cell membrane structure, as well as the transport of fat-soluble substances across the cell membrane.
3. Sterols - found in the tissues of animals, and are not an essential nutrient because the liver is able to produce enough to meet needs.

Question 16

Name the two types of Triglycerides

Answer 16

1. Saturated fatty acids - solid at room temperature and are found primarily in animal sources.
2. Unsaturated fatty acids (including monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids) - usually from plant sources and help reduce health risks.

Question 17

The AMDR for fats is …

Answer 17

• 20% to 35% of total calories
• 10% or less of total calories should come from saturated fat sources.

Question 18

What do vitamins do? Name the two classes of vitamins.

Answer 18

*The main function of vitamins is to be a catalyst for metabolic functions and chemical reactions

1. Water-soluble: Vitamins C and B-complex
2. Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Question 19

Sodium (Na)

Answer 19

Major Actions: Maintains fluid volume, allows muscle contractions, contributes to nerve impulses

Major Sources: Table salt, added salts, processed foods

Findings of Deficiency: Muscle cramping, memory loss, anorexia

Findings of Excess: Fluid retention, hypertension, disorientation

Nursing Actions: Monitor level of consciousness, edema, and blood pressure.

Question 20

Potassium (K)

Answer 20

Major Actions: Maintains fluid volume inside cells, muscle action

Major Sources: Oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy products, meats, whole grains, potato

Findings of Deficiency: Dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion

Findings of Excess: Dysrhythmia, muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, numbness in extremities

Nursing Actions: Monitor cardiac status and ECG. Give oral preparations (tabs, elixirs) with meals to minimize GI irritation.

Question 21

Chloride (Cl)

Answer 21

Major Actions: Assists with intracellular and extracellular fluid balance and aids acid-based balance and digestion

Major Sources: Table salt, added salts, processed foods

Findings of Deficiency: Rare; muscle cramps, anorexia

Findings of Excess: Vomiting

Nursing Actions: Monitor sodium levels.

Question 22

Calcium (Ca)

Answer 22

Major Actions: Bones/teeth formation, blood pressure, blood clotting, nerve transmission

Major Sources: Dairy, broccoli, kale, fortified grains

Findings of Deficiency: Tetany, positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs, ECG changes, osteoporosis in adults, poor growth in children

Findings of Excess: Constipation, renal stones, lethargy, depressed deep-tendon reflexes

Nursing Actions: Monitor ECG and respiratory status. Give PO tabs with vitamin D.

Question 23

Magnesium (Mg)

Answer 23

Major Actions: Bone formation, catalyst for many enzyme reactions, nerve/muscle function, smooth muscle relaxation

Major Sources: Green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, tuna, halibut, chocolate

Findings of Deficiency: Weakness, dysrhythmias, convulsions, increased blood pressure, anorexia

Findings of Excess: Diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, lethargy

Nursing Actions: Follow seizure precautions, and monitor level of consciousness and vital signs.

Question 24

Phosphorus (P)

Answer 24

Major Actions: Energy transfer of RNA/DNA, acid-base balance, bone and teeth formation

Major Sources: Dairy, peas, meat, eggs, legumes

Findings of Deficiency: Unknown

Findings of Excess: Decreased blood calcium levels

Nursing Actions: Evaluate the use of antacids (note type) and the use of alcohol (alcohol impairs absorption).

Question 25

Sulfur (S)

Answer 25

Major Actions: A component of vitamin structure, by-product of protein metabolism

Major Sources: Proteins

Findings of Deficiency: Only seen in severe protein malnourishment

Findings of Excess: Toxicity does not result in any health issues

Nursing Actions: Sulfur levels are not usually monitored.

Question 26

What is Basal metabolic rate (BMR) ?

Answer 26

also called basal energy expenditure (BEE) refers to the amount of energy used in 24 hr for involuntary activities of the body

Question 27

What is Resting metabolic rate (RMR)?

Answer 27

also called resting energy expenditure (REE), refers to the calories needed for involuntary activities of the body at rest.

Question 28

List the medications the increase and decrease BMR

Answer 28

*Increase BMR
Epinephrine
Levothyroxine
Ephedrine sulfate

*Decrease BMR
Opioids
Muscle relaxants
Barbiturates

Question 29

Define Nitrogen balance

Answer 29

Nitrogen balance refers to the difference between the daily intake and excretion of nitrogen

Question 30

Define Positive nitrogen balance

Answer 30

indicates that the intake of nitrogen exceeds excretion.

Question 31

Define Negative nitrogen balance

Answer 31

indicates that the excretion of nitrogen exceeds intake.

Question 32

Refer to the water-soluble vitamins table

Answer 32

Do you understand? :)

Question 33

Refer to fat-soluble vitamins table

Answer 33

Do you understand? :)