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Cloud Computing > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a SLA or Service Level Agreements?

A

A contract between a service provider and an end user

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2
Q

What are the two key issues of Service Level Agreements?

A

Who will monitor an SLA violation and what will be the ramification of a SLA violation?

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3
Q

What are the two important criteria SLA’s in clouds?

A

The availability SLA and the performance SLA

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4
Q

What is the availability metric in SLAs?

A

What percentage the service will be up for

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5
Q

What typically occurs if a SLA does not meet the required availability metric?

A

A credit percentage is given to the user

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6
Q

What is the problem around the Performance SLA?

A

It is difficult to define the performance of a user service

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7
Q

What are the four key characteristics of cloud services?

A

On-Demand
Shared Resource Pool
Resource Elasticity
Metered Service

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8
Q

What is the Resource Elasticity characteristic?

A

Grid/Internet computing supported limited resource elasticity

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9
Q

What are the 4 cloud service models?

A

Infrastructure as a Service
Platform as a Service
Software as a Service
Everything as a Service (Xaas)

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10
Q

What is Infrastructure as a Service

A

Providing on demand virtual infrastructures to cloud users
Like Virtual Machines, Storage or networks

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11
Q

What is Platform as a Service?

A

A cloud service model that provides the development, testing, debugging and deploying of applications

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12
Q

What are some issues with Platform as a Service?

A

You have limited control over the configs for infrastructure and software stacks, there is a learning curve to use of the platform, there is an ease of transition to the cloud, and there is the issue of platform reliability

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13
Q

What is Software as a Service?

A

On-demand web services/apps

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14
Q

What is a public cloud?

A

A public cloud is a cloud that anyone can use as a pay as you go cost

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15
Q

What is a private cloud?

A

Private clouds are clouds that are used exclusively by a single organization

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16
Q

What is a hybrid cloud?

A

A mixture of private and public clouds

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17
Q

What is cloud bursting?

A

Managing a large burst of requests by using the public cloud

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18
Q

What is provided by infrastructure as a service?

A

On demand virtual infrastructure, things like VMs, storage, network, containers ect.

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19
Q

What is the users’ role in IaaS?

A

Managing their instances/resources and things on the servers

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20
Q

What is an AWS instance?

A

A virtual machine hosted on the amazon web service

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21
Q

What is an elastic IP?

A

A static public IP address allocated to an instance
An elastic IP address not released when the instance is stopped or terminated

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22
Q

What is EC2? (Elastic Compute Cloud)

A

A web service for launching instances of an application under several operating systems

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23
Q

What characterizes an EC2 instance?

A

The resources it provides

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24
Q

What are the three consumption models of a EC2?

A

The On Demand Instance
The Reserved Instance
The Spot Instance

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25
Q

What is the On Demand Instance?

A

It is the pay as you go type of consumption model. It is the most expensive but also the most common

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26
Q

What is the Reserved Instance?

A

Reserving a number of instances for use on a server. It has a percentage discount on the price but requires a longer term usage

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27
Q

What is a spot instance?

A

Using space EC2 resources, has a large discount but very low availability

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28
Q

What is another name for a spot instance?

A

Transient instance model

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29
Q

How can spot instance lifetimes can be measured?

A

Analyzing spot market price changes

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30
Q

What are some Pros For IaaS?

A

High Flexibility: full control over VMs
Users can run anything they want
Similar to Server/On-Prem (Easy to move)

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31
Q

What are some Cons for IaaS?

A

There is alot of management that needs to be done
Can be expensive
Scaling and Scalability are users responsibility
No control over physical host machine/infrastructure

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32
Q

What are some Pros of PaaS?

A

Easy to dev, test and deploy simple web apps
No worry about infrastructure
Cheaper than IaaS

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33
Q

What are some Cons of PaaS?

A

No control over the Supported Language, Framework or Support Services, there is a great need for the Dev’s experience with the usage of the app and there is a large learning curve

34
Q

What are some Pros of SaaS?

A

No installation and no maintenance
Global accessibility of the app and data
Often have better functionality

35
Q

What are some Cons of SaaS?

A

No control over the system/infrastructure
Questions over the security and privacy as the company has control over both these two factors

36
Q

What are the objectives of SLA?

A

Identify and define the customer’s needs and constraints
Provide a framework for providing a clear def of services, costs and ramification of a violation of the terms of agreement
Simplify complex issues
Eliminate unrealistic expectations

37
Q

What is Availiability?

A

The degree to which data or systems are accessible and in functioning condition

38
Q

What are the three causes of availability failure?

A

Failure by human error, infrastructure failure, natural disaster and other failure

39
Q

What are the 7 types of availability?

A

Data availability, network availability, system availability, communication availability, power availability, people availability, other resource availability

40
Q

How do you achieve high data availability?

A

By backing up your software

41
Q

What are the three backup methods?

A

Full backup
Differential Backup
Incremental Backup

42
Q

What is Full Backup?

A

Backing up all files/data

43
Q

What is Differential Backup?

A

Backing up files that have been created or modified only since the last full backup

44
Q

What is Incremental Backup?

A

Backing up files that have been created of modified only since the last backup?

45
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of a Full Backup?

A

Pros: Complete Copy of data, Simple and Easy to Manage
Cons: Storage is high, Time Consuming

46
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of a Differential Backup?

A

Pros: Faster than a full backup, Need less storage than a full backup
Cons: Slower than an incr. backup and has an issue of redundancy (potentially many unneeded copies of the same data)

47
Q

What is the Pros and Cons of Incremental Backups?

A

Pros: Only backup for a change, Fastest, least storage space
Cons: Management overhead, Complicated recovery process

48
Q

What are some ways to avoid Single Point of Failure?

A

Server redundancy, Hardware component redundancy, Storage redundancy, Network redundancy, Redundant Power, A/C cooling, Monitoring and failover mechanisms

49
Q

What is the Mean Time Between Failures? (MTBF)

A

The amount of time between failures

50
Q

What is the Mean Time to Recover/Repair? MTTR

A

The amount of time required to repair a failed system

51
Q

How do you calculate Availability?

A

MTBF/(MTBF+MTTR)

52
Q

What is a Con of Public Clouds?

A

You have less control of the infrastructure (host machine, physical security and physical network)

53
Q

What are the three use cases of hybrid clouds?

A

Cloud Bursting
Backup/Recovery
Load Balancing/Access Distribution

54
Q

What are some Key Challenges for Cloud Bursting?

A

VM Migration, API Support

55
Q

What are some Key Issues with Backup/Recovery for Hybrid Clouds?

A

Privacy and Compliance

56
Q

What is Load Balancing/Access Distribution?

A

Deploying apps in the public cloud to improve end user experiences

57
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of a Public Cloud?

A

Pros: Scalability, No maintenance, Lower $$$, Security
Cons: No control over infrastructure, No flexibility, Compliance (Legal)

58
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of a Private Cloud?

A

Pros: Feel more “secure”, Flexibility, Customizability, Control over Compliance
Cons: Cost, Scalability, Users think it is free

59
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of Hybrid Clouds?

A

Pros: Both
Cons: Both

60
Q

What are they ways that AWS security is better than any particular company?

A

Physical Security, Economics of scale, AWS security people only doing security, VM OSes are patched, Good default security

61
Q

What is Backup/Recovery for Hybrid Clouds?

A

Backing up data into public cloud to reduce private cloud’s CAPEX

62
Q

What is Elasticity?

A

Degree to which a system is able to adapt to workload change by provisioning and de-provisioning resources in an automatic manner

63
Q

What is Scalability?

A

The ability of a system to manage increasing workloads by making use of additional resources

64
Q

What is Amdahl’s Law?

A

How fast something can be speed up is limited by the part that cannot be sped up or Max Speedup = 1(1-P) where P is the parallel Part Duration.

65
Q

What is Amdahl’s Law when you do not have unlimited resources?

A

1/(1-P) + (P/K) where P is the parallel part and K is the processors

66
Q

What is IaaS Elasticity?

A

Adding/Removing virtual machines
Increases/Decreasing CPU, memory, storage capacity by adding/removing additional virtual hardware components to existing machines

67
Q

What is Horizontal Scaling?

A

Changing the number of resources (quanatiy)

68
Q

What is Vertical Scaling?

A

Changing the resource specification (quality)

69
Q

What are the pros and cons of Horizontal Scaling?

A

Pro: Unlimited Scalability, Common to Do
Scaling Delay
Cons: Coarse grained, Must support distributed/parallel architecture

70
Q

What are the pros and cons of Vertical scaling?

A

Pro: Finer-grained, SW License Cost, No Distributed/Parallel Architecture
Con: Easily reach to max, Live Migration, Imperfect technique, Single Point of Failure

71
Q

What is Under Provisioning?

A

Not having enough resources to meet demand

72
Q

What is Over Provisioining?

A

Having too many resources to meet demand

73
Q

What is Autoscaling?

A

Rule-based resource scaling mechanism

74
Q

What are some things Autoscaling scales based on?

A

Monitoring resource status and application metrics
Determining when to add/release computing resources
Determining how much computing resources to be added/released

75
Q

What are the two operations involved in AWS autoscaling?

A

Scaling Out (Better QoS) Done for high demand
Scaling In (Cost Efficiency) Done for Low Demand

76
Q

What is the advantages of Autoscaling?

A

Improved QoS, Saving Money

77
Q

What is some limitation on autoscaling?

A

VM startup time and system monitoring

78
Q

Where is the bottleneck in scaling?

A

Transferring the VM image to the server

79
Q

What are the pros and cons of autoscaling?

A

Pros: Simple and easy to achieve high availability, fault tolerance, and scalability, Better Qos, and cost efficiency
Cons: Reactive System, Scaling Delay, Unclear relationship between system metrics and Qos

80
Q

What are some issues with Predictive Autoscaling?

A

All workload patterns are not necessarily predictable
Creating accurate predictors is hard
Dealing with unpredictable events
Can over-provision by mispredictions

81
Q
A

Cloud Computing (6 decks)

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