quiz 1 Flashcards by javeen nicol

a Roman philosopher (98-55 B.C.), and, a physician (1478-1553)
believed invisible creatures were responsible for
disease

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

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observed bees and weevils using
a microscope in the early 1600s

Franscesco Stelluti

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first to use the word cell;
he observed the honeycomb-like structure in a thin
slice of cork.

Robert Hooke

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was the first to report microorganisms (Royal
Society of London) (Animalcules)
 50-300X magnification

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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One of the most important
discoveries of biology
occurred in 1665, with the
help of a crude
microscope
• stated that life’s smallest
structural units were cells.

ROBERT HOOKE

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First to observe living
microbes
 His single-lens
magnified 50-300X
magnification
 Between 1674-1723 he
wrote series of papers
describing his observations
of bacteria, algae,
protozoa, and fungi
(Animalcules)

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOE

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credited with the cell theory
• cell theory- concept that all living
organisms are made up of cells
• they recognized that all cells from any
organism are similar in structure

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN AND
THEODOR SCHWANN

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Believed that simple
invertebrates could arise by spontaneous
generation

Aristotle

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Boiled mutton broth,
then sealed and still observed growth after a period
of time

John Needham

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Proved growth without
contamination from air

Felix Pouchet

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Supporter of the spontaneous
generation theory.
 He proposed that
organism
tiny
arose
spontaneously on the mutton gravy.
 He covered the flasks with cork as
done by Redi , Still the microbes
appeared on mutton broth.

JOHN NEEDHAM

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Theory of Spontaneous generation was
disproved by ______
They argued that life originated from “pre
existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.

Francesco Redi
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Louis Pasteur
Theodore Schwann

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improved upon Francesco Redi’s
experiments by sealing and boiling flasks with
water and seeds, preventing microbial growth as
long as the flasks remained sealed.
 He proposed that air carried germs, challenging the
theory of spontaneous generation by suggesting
microorganisms came from the air, not
spontaneously.

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

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Passed air through strong acid
solutions into boiled infusions.
Microbes did not appear.
 His results supported Spallanzani’s
observations.
 disproved the theory of spontaneous
generation

FRANZ SCHULTZE

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Passed air through cotton stoppers into
flasks; the microbes were filtered by
the cotton fibers so that growth did not
occur even though the air had not been
heated.

GEORG FRIEDRICH SCHRÖDER
AND THEODOR VON DUSCH

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German scientist proposed that all
cells must come from preexisting
living cells— biogenesis

RUDOLPH VIRCHOW

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in 1668 this
Italian physician conducted experiments with
covered and uncovered meat to show that
maggots came from flies, not the meat itself.

Francesco Redi

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Air allowed to enter flask but only after
passing through a heated tube or sterile wool

Theodore Schwann
Georg Friedrich Schroder
Theodor von Dusch

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Omission of dust
 no growth. Demonstrated heat resistant
forms of bacteria (endospores)

John Tyndall

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In 1876 discovered that there were two different types of
bacteria.
a) Heat sensitive or heat labile forms (vegetative cells)
easily destroyed by boiling
b) Heat resistant types known as an endospore
• Tyndall demonstrated that alternate process of heating &
cooling if repeated five times, can kill all the endospores.
• This is known as Sterilization process or Tyndallization
• It involves heating a substance to boiling (100°C)
for about 15-30 minutes on multiple successive
days.
• This process kills vegetative cells but allows a

JOHN TYNDALL

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In 1876, a German botanist, also
discovered “heat-resistant forms of bacteria”.
This bacteria are now termed endospores.
(Bacillus species and Clostridium species

FERDINAND COHN

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prepared a flask with long
narrow goose neck opening.
 Nutrient solution were heated in the flask and
the air untreated and unfiltered was passed
in and out .
 Pasteur pointed out that no growth occurred
because dust and germs had been trapped on
the walls of the curved neck.
 Thus disproved spontaneous
generation.

LOUIS PASTEUR

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showed that microbes
caused diseases. He proved that Anthrax
was caused by Bacillus anthracis

Robert Koch

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not only stated that living organisms or agents are the cause of diseases but suspected that different germs were responsible for different diseases.

Von Plenciz

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German physician and microbiologist  In 1860 developed an elaborate technique to isolate & identify specific Pathogens that cause specific diseases. He isolated the anthrax bacterium ( bacillus anthracis) , TB ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis) , & cholera ( Vibrio cholerae)  Developed pure culture methods.

Robert Koch

Robert Koch Using criteria developed by his teacher, ____ (1809-1895), established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax

Jacob Henle

his criteria became known as Koch’s Postulates and are still used to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease:

Robert Koch

The causative (etiological) agent must be present in all affected organisms but absent in healthy individuals  The agent must be capable of being isolated and cultured in pure form  When the cultured agent is introduced to a healthy organism, the same disease must occur  The same causative agent must be isolated again from the affected host

KOCH’S POSTULATES

: Symptoms develop rapidly and tend to be more severe

Acute disease

Disease develops slowly and are less severe

Chronic disease

Symptoms between acute and chronic

Subacute disease

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive • The host has the disease but has subclinical symptoms

Latent disease

The ability to multiply by assimilating foreign material is known only in living organisms • The quantity of effect in relation to the quantity of initial inoculation • The precise typical cause of contagious disease and the relations to the corresponding epidemics seem to speak of independent and temporal development of the disease cause

JACOB HENLE’S POSTULATES

The viral agent must be found either the host body fluid at the time of disease or in the cell showing specific lesions The viral agent obtained from infected host must produce the specific disease in a susceptible healthy animal or must provide the evidence of infection in the form of antibodies against viral agent • All host material used for inoculation must be free from bacteria or any form of microorganism • The material for newly infected animal must in turn be capable of transmitting the disease in question to other host

RIVER’S POSTULATES

Treatment of disease by using chemical means  Antibiotics produced naturally  Synthetic drugs

CHEMOTHERAPY

used arsenic compounds to fight disease– ‘magic bullet’

Paul Ehrlich

discovered penicillin

Alexander Fleming

discovered streptomycin

Selman Waksman

development of sulfa drugs

Gerhard Domagk & Ernest Fourneau

Preformed clinical trials and mass produced penicillin

Howard Florey & Ernest Chain

showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

Agostino Bassi

demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a Fungus

Miles. J. Berkeley

showed that the pébrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan parasite

Louis Pasteur

developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from wounds– phenol sprayed in air entering around surgical incision  Decreased number of post-operative infections in patients  his published findings (1867) transformed the practice of surgery

Joseph Lister

developing the Chamberland filter in 1884  Collaborated with Louis Pasteur

Charles Chamberland

used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox

Edward Jenner

developed other vaccines including those for fowl/chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

Louis Pasteur

demonstrated the existence of phagocytic cells in the blood, thus demonstrating cell- mediated immunity

Elie Metchnikoff

Hungarian physician often referred to as the "savior of mothers" for his pioneering work in the field of obstetrics and infection control.  demonstrated that childbed fever (puerperal fever), caused by streptococcal infections, was transmitted to patients by doctor’s hands  Pioneer of antisepsis in obstetrics  Women giving birth in hospitals by medical students and physicians were 4x more likely to contract puerperal fever compared to those by midwives

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS

induced the formation of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins in rabbits which were effectively used to treat humans thus demonstrating humoral immunity

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

demonstrated the existence of phagocytic cells in the blood, thus demonstrating cell- mediated immunity

Elie Metchnikoff

Anthrax

Koch

Gonorrhoea

Neisser

Typhoid fever

Gaffky

Malaria

Laveran

Tuberculosis

Koch

Cholera

Koch

Diphtheria

Klebs & Loeffler

Tetanus

Nicoaier & Kitasato

Pneumonia (bacterial)

Fraenkel

Gas gangrene

Welch & Nuttall

Plague

Kitasato & Yersin

Botulism

Van Ermengem

Dysentery

Shiga

Yellow fever

Reed

Syphilis

Schaudinn & Hoffman

Whooping cough

Bordet & Gengou

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Ricketts

Inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened (or attenuated) forms of microorganisms, that would otherwise cause disease, to provide protection, or active immunity from disease upon later exposure

Vaccination

discovered that cowpox (vaccinia) induced protection against human smallpox  Called procedure vaccination  This work established the principles of vaccination, a term derived from the Latin”vacca” meaning cow

Edward Jenner

induced the formation of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins in rabbits which were effectively used to treat humans thus demonstrating humoral immunity

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

First vaccine (smallpox)

Edward Jenner

reported that incubating cultures longer than normal in the lab resulted in ATTENUATED bacteria that could no longer cause disease  Working with chicken cholera (caused by Pasteurella multocida), they noticed that animals injected with attenuated cultures were resistant to the disease

Pasteur and Emile Roux

developed other vaccines:  Attenuated anthrax vaccine  Chemical and heat treatment (potassium bichromate)  Attenuated rabies vaccine  Propagated the virus in rabbit following injection of infected brain and spinal cord extracts

Pasteur and Chamberland

Antibodies diphtheria Shibasaburo Kitasato raised to inactivated toxin by injection with the different host (rabbit) toxin (a toxoid form)  Antiserum recovered  Contains antibodies specific for the toxin  Protection from disease when injected nonimmune subject

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

wife of one of Koch’s assistants (Walter Hesse), proposed using agar  Not digested by most bacteria  Melts at 100 degrees Celsius  Used today - ~2% in solid media

Fannie Hesse

another of Koch’s assistants, developed the Petri dish

Richard Petri

demonstrated that alcoholic fermentations were the result of microbial activity,  that some organisms could decrease alcohol yield and sour the product, and  that some fermentations were aerobic and some anaerobic

Louis Pasteur

worked with soil bacteria and discovered that they could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy  he also studied anaerobic nitrogen- fixation and cellulose decomposition

Sergei Winogradsky

isolated aerobic nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (Azotobacter and Rhizobium) and sulfate reducing Bacteria

Martinus Beijerinck

pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media

 Beijerinck and Winogradsky

successfully crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in 1935 and demonstrated that the virus retained its infectivity even after crystallization.  This was a significant achievement because it provided evidence that viruses are distinct infectious agents with a specific structure.

Wendell Meredith Stanley

demonstrated that mosquitoes are the vector for yellow fever

Walter Ree

show that Treponema pallidum causes syphilis

Fritz Richard Schaudinn and Erich Hoffman

develops first chemotherapeutic drug

Paul Ehrlich

showed that a virus can cause cancer (now known as the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus)

Francis Peyton Rous

discovers penicillin

Alexander Fleming

tobacco mosaic virus

Wendell Stanley

(Noble prize in 1945) - Successful vaccination against yellow fever

Max Theille

develops penicillin into a drug and treats first patient

Howard Walter Florey

One of the Founders of Protozoology • the causative agent of syphilis in 1905 with Hoffman • amoebic dysentery and • sleeping sickness, malaria • human hookworm infection He died during his journey back to Germany from an International Medicine Meeting in Lisbon, when he underwent an urgent surgery aboard due to gastrointestinal amoebian abscesses. Such amoebian infection had probably been voluntarily acquired when he did research on amoebas

FRITZ RICHARD SCHAUDINN

a German dermatologist • He is remembered for his research performed with zoologist Fritz Schaudinn (1871-1906) at the Charité Clinic in Berlin. • In 1905 Schaudinn and ____ discovered the bacterium that was responsible for syphilis, Treponema pallidum. • The organism was removed from a papula in the vulva of a patient with secondary syphilis.

ERICH HOFFMANN

Electron Microscope

Ernst Ruska

one gene one enzyme concept”)

George Beadle & Edward Tatum

show that DNA is the genetic material

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

propose DNA structure

Watson & Crick

Immunological tolerance

Sir Frank Mac Farlane Burnet

clone DNA

Cohen , Boyer, Chang, and Helling

HIV as causative agent of AIDS.

Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

Campylobacter pylori from PUD later named as Helicobacter pylori

Barry J Marshall

discover oncogenes

Bishop and Varmus

Polio vaccine, 1950’s polio was a scary epidemic, he developed a vaccine by treating the virus with formalin (IPV) inactivated polio virus

Jonas Salk

live Polio virus vaccine, attenuated –altered virus, OPV-oral polio vaccine

Albert Sabin

between 1915 and 1917, first discovered a bacterial virus which was also independently described and named as a bacteriophage by Felix d'Herrelle.

Frederick Twort

(American virologist) who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1966 for his groundbreaking work on the relationship between viruses and cancer Discovered Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), belongs to a class of retroviruses.

Francis Peyton Rous

identified the first animal virus - foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle • This marked the beginning of virology for animal viruses.

Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch

_____ later confirmed by _____ in 1898- discovered the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), first plant virus • This was the first virus ever discovered, laying the foundation for plant virology.

Dmitri Ivanovsky Martinus Willem Beijerinck

(American neurologist and biochemist)  found evidence in 1982 that a class of infections he called "prions" ("proteinaceous infectious particles")  was awarded the Nobel Prize in1997.  "prions" were responsible for causing diseases like scrapie in sheep and other neurodegenerative disorder

Stanley Prusiner

announced in 1983 the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – caused of AIDS.

Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

discovered transformation in bacteria in 1928 and established the foundation of molecular genetics.  In his famous experiment, he worked with two strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae: a non-virulent (harmless) strain and a virulent (disease-causing) strain.

Frederick Griffith

studied the relationship between genes and enzymes using the bread mold, Neurospora  Precursor ornithine  citrulline  arginine  One gene, one polypeptide hypothesis

George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum

Demonstrated spontaneous gene mutations in bacteria (not directed by the environment)

Salvadore Luria and Max Delbruck

Following initial studies by Frederick Griffith (1928) they provided evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was the genetic material and carried genetic information during transformation  Worked with Streptococcus pneumoniae (rough and smooth)

Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

In 1946, they published a paper that described the phenomenon of conjugation, wherein bacteria can transfer genetic material between each other through direct cell-to- cell contact.

Joshua Lederberg and his wife, Esther Lederberg

conducted groundbreaking research on bacterial genetics and gene recombination

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

conducted experiments involving a phage of Salmonella Typhimurium (a type of bacteriophage that infects this bacterium). This phenomenon came to be known as generalized transduction (transfer of genetic information by viruses) in 1952.

Joshua Lederberg and Norton Zinder

suggested in 1952 that only DNA is required for viral replication, after using radioactive isotopes to track protein and DNA.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for describing the double-helix structure of DNA.  This was based on the X-ray crystallography of DNA done by Rosalind Franklin, who had died of cancer four years earlier.

Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and James Watson

independently discovered reverse transcriptase in RNA viruses in 1970, establishing a pathway for genetic information flow from RNA to DNA. With Renato Dulbecco they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975.

Howard Temin and David Baltimore

(American microbiologist and biophysicist)  Pioneering phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA  work in 1977 was indeed instrumental in revolutionizing our understanding of the tree of life by using ribosomal RNA (rRNA) analysis to identify a distinct group of microorganisms called Archaea.  He examined the genetic sequences of ribosomal RNA, a fundamental component of cellular machinery involved in protein synthesis.  He analyzed rRNA sequences from various organisms and discovered that there were three primary branches on the evolutionary tree of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Carl Woese

German biologist 3-kingdom system: animals, plants and protist

Ernst Haeckel

American ecologist proposed a 5- kingdom classification based on three levels of cell organization classification based on three levels of cell organization Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology accepted Whittaker’s kingdom Monera

Robert H. Whittaker

quiz 1 Flashcards

(122 cards)