Quiz 1 Flashcards
(28 cards)
URI
- __ most common primary diagnosis in ambulatory visits in 2001
- __ most common acute illness in US
- majority are __ in etiology
- difficult to differentiate between viral and bacterial illness due to __
- 3rd
- # 1
- viral
- overlap of signs and symptoms
URI
- __ diagnosis for prescribing __ on an outpatient basis despite mostly viral in etiology (~__%)
- this has led to __
- most URIs are self-__ and self-__
- leading; antibiotic; 75%
- bacteria resistant to antibiotics
- diagnosed; treated
Common Cold: Epidemiology
- the common cold is the general term for an UPI that has __
- in an average year, every person in the US has __ URIs
- no prominent localizing features (when a specific localizing symptom is present, the diagnosis is made based on location: pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis)
- 2-4
Common cold: epidemiology
- incidence peaks during the __, __ from person to person, and __ with age
- URI is a leading reason for __
- DESPITE THE FACT TAHT URIS ARE NEARLY ALWAYS CAUSED BY __, APPROX. __% OF MEDICAL PROVIDER VISITS FOR URTIS RESULT IN AN __ PRESCRIPTION
- fall and winter; varies considerably; declines
- consultation with health care providers and of missed work days (in 1998, 25 million individuals received care for URI and 20 million days were missed from work)
- VIRUSES; 30%; ANTIBIOTIC
common cold: pathophysiology
URIs are nearly always caused by __
viral infection of the anterior nasal mucosa
common cold: pathophysiology
virus reaches nasal epithelium via
- aerosol spread
or
- direct contact with infectious secreation on the skin or other surfaces
common cold: pathophysiology
viral replication within __
- epithelial cells
or
- oral, nasal, and upper respiratory mucosa
common cold: pathophysiology
viral replication triggers __ leading to __ symptoms
cytokine mediated inflammatory reactions; typical cold
common cold: pathophysiology
symptoms begin about __ days after viral __
2-8; inoculation
common cold: microbiology
__ infection is the main cause of URI and peaks in the __
rhinovirus; autumn
common cold: microbiology
the majority of transmission of rhinovirus occurs via __ and is transferred from __, from where the viruses then migrate to the
- fomites
- fromites via the hands to the nose, eyes, or mouth
- nasopharynx
common cold: microbiology
experimental infection has demonstrated that __% of individulas who are infected develop symptoms, some as early as __ hours after exposure
- 75%
- 10
common cold: microbiology
shedding of viral particles peaks __ after infection, but may continue at low levels for __
- 2 days
- 1-3 weeks
viruses associated with the common cold
rhinovirus (>100 serotypes): percentage of cases and seasonal peak
- 30-50%
- fall and spring
>100 antigenically different types, adenovirus has 47, therefore, large number of reinfections with them; due to rapid mutations on the surface of the virus
spread via direct contact with infected respiratory secretions: hand-hand, hand-face (also RSV, adeno, influenza: note overlaps)
viruses associated with the common cold
coronavirus: percentage of cases and seasonal peak
- 10-15%
- mid-winter
viruses associated with the common cold
influenza: percentage of cases and seasonal peak
- 5-7%
- winter
- only 3 serotypes; large number of reinfections due to rapid mutations on the surface of the virus
spread via direct contact with infected respiratory secretions: hand-hand, hand-face (also RSV, adeno, rhinovirus: note overlaps)
viruses associated with the common cold
RSV: percentage of cases and seasonal peak
- 5%
- winter
spread via direct contact with infected respiratory secretions: hand-hand, hand-face (also influenza, adeno, rhinovirus: note overlaps)
viruses associated with the common cold
parainfluenza virus: percentage of cases and seasonal peak
<5%
-winter
viruses associated with the common cold
adenovirus: percentage of cases and seasonal peak
<5%
year round
>100 antigenically different types, adenovirus has 47, therefore, large number of reinfections with them; due to rapid mutations on the surface of the virus
spread via direct contact with infected respiratory secretions: hand-hand, hand-face (also RSV, influenza, rhinovirus: note overlaps)
viruses associated with the common cold
metapneumovirus
5%
late winter and early spring
viruses associated with the common cold
bocavirus
HMPV
others
- HMPV affects kids; peaks 1-2 mos after RSV
- Bocavirus also found mainly in children
- can have reinfections with virus due to (1) antigenic shift, (2) incomplete induction of immunity, or (3) waning immunity
- HMPV and bocavirus in category of emerging viruses, discovered in 2002 and 2005 respectively
common cold: clinical features
mild, self-limited illness characterized by 1 or more of the following (7 things)
- nasal congestion and discharge: clear to yellow-green
- sneezing
- coughing
- hoarseness or sore throat
- headache
- sinus pressure
- malaise
common cold: clinical features
these symptoms are usually not present
-constitutional symptoms like myalgias and arthalgias are not prominent
fever is uncommon in adults (usually NO fever)
common cold: clinical course
within __ the sore throat usually resolves and the rhinorrhea becomes __, which results from __
- 2-3 days
- more purulent, appearing thick and yellow to green
- this change in nasal discharge results from recriutment of leukocytes, and is a natural part of the progression of a viral URI (PURULENT SPUTUM AND PHLEGM ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIAL INFECTION OR RISK FOR BACTERIAL INFECTION)
