Quiz 1 Flashcards
(84 cards)
0
Q
Taxonomy
A
The scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified
1
Q
Phylogeny
A
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species
2
Q
Systematics
A
A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary history
3
Q
Binomial naming system
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First part: genus
Second part: specific epithet
4
Q
Hierarchical classification
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Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
5
Q
Taxon
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Named taxonomic unit at any level
6
Q
Monophyletic group (Clade)
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Ancestral species and all of its descendants
7
Q
Paraphyletic group
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Ancestral species and some descendants
8
Q
Polyphyletic group
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Includes taxa with different ancestors
9
Q
Domain bacteria
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Most prokaryotes No nuclear envelope No membrane-enclosed organelles Circular chromosome Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria Binary fission
10
Q
Domain archaea
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Prokaryotes Variety of environments No nuclear envelopes No membrane-bound organelles Ether lipids in cell membrane Genes/metabolic pathways related to eukaryotes Many energy sources Asexual reproduction by fission, fragmentation, budding
11
Q
Domain eukarya
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Organisms w/ cells w/nuclei Plants Fungi Animals Membrane bound organelles Mostly sexual reproduction
12
Q
Kingdom monera
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Prokaryotes
13
Q
Photoautotrophs
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Photosynthetic prokaryotes
14
Q
Chemoautotrophs
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use inorganic chemicals for energy source
unique to certain prokaryotes
15
Q
photoheterotrophs
A
use light as energy source, need at least one organic compound as well for carbon source
16
Q
chemoheterotrophs
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use organic compounds as energy source
17
Q
obligate aerobes
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must use O2 for cellular respiration
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Q
obligate anaerobes
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poisoned by O2
19
Q
facultative anaerobes
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use O2 if present, otherwise use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
20
Q
Proteobacteria
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photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs
some aerobic, some anaerobic
Five subgroups: Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
Rhizobium, myxobacteria, Salmonella, Legionnaires’ disease, Heliobacteria
21
Q
Chlamydias
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Animal cells
Chlamydia,
22
Q
Spirochetes
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helical heterotrophs
syphilis, Lyme
23
Q
Cyanobacteria
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photoautotrophs
phytoplankton
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Gram-Positive Bacteria
actinomytes, mycoplasmas
tuberculosis, leprosy, anthrax, botulism
Mycoplasmas
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exotoxins
proteins secreted by certain bacteria/other organisms
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endotoxins
gram-negative bacteria
| released only when bacteria die
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plasmogamy
union of cytoplasms of 2 parent mycelia
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karyogamy
haploid nuclei from 2 parents fuse, form diploid cells
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budding
asexual reproduction in yeasts
| small "bud cells" pinch off of parent
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Zygomycetes
food molds,
| Decomposes or parasites
31
Glomeromycetes
arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots
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Asomycetes
plant pathogens, important decomposers, work w/green algae, cyanobacteria, plants, leaves
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Basidomycetes
mycorrhizae, plant parasites, decomposers of plant material
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Chytrids
decline of amphibian populations, sheep guts
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endosymbiosis
when unicellular organisms engulf other cells
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heterotrophs
absorb organic material or ingest food particles
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Excavata
feeding grooves
Diplononads-
Parabasalids-
Euglenozoans-Kinetoplastids(organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast) Euglenids(one or two flagella)
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Chromalveolata
Dinoflagellates-have cells reinforced by cellulose plates
Apicomplexans-can penetrate host cells/tissues
Ciliates
Diatoms-glass-like wall
Golden Algae
Brown Algae
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Rhizaria
Radiolarians-intricate internal skeletons
Forams-porous shells
Cercozoans-threadlike pseudopodia
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Archaeplastida
Red algae
Green algae
Land Plants
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Unikonta
```
Amoebozoans-Slime Molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
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Primitive traits of plants
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast
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Derived traits of plants
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Alternation of generations
Multicellular, dependent embryos
Walled spores produced in Sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical meristems
```
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Sporophyte
diploid stage
| mitotic division of zygote
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Spores
meiosis
| reproductive cells than can develop into haploid organism
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archegonia
female gametangia
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antheridia
male gametangia
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sporangium
produces spores
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embryophytes
land plants
50
Bryophytes
```
nonvasculuar plants
gametophyte dominant
Hornworts-long, tapered sporophyte, lacks seta, only sporangium, colonize open areas w/ moist soil
Liverworts-liver-shaped gametophytes,
Mosses-very short, we see gametophytes
```
51
Bryophyte gametophytes
dominant phase
protonema-enhances absorption of water and minerals
gametophore-produces gametes
rhizoids-anchor
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Bryophyte sporophytes
foot-absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte
seta-brings materials to sporangium
peristome-"teeth"allows spores to be discharged gradually
stomata-allow exchange of CO2/O2 betw air and interior
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sporopollenin
in charophytes, prevents zygotes from drying
| in plants, walls that encase spores
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gemmae
single cell/multiple that detach and form new individual
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Lycophytes
some grow on trees, some live on forest floor, some below
upright stems, small leaves
Sporophytes, spike mosses, club mossis, quillworts
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Pterophytes
Ferns-megaphylls, homosporous
| Horsetails-brushy stems, homosporous, bisexual gametophytes, joints in stem
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Whisk Ferns/Relatives
no roots, scalelike outgrowths from stems,
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heterosporous
has 2 kinds of spores: microspores(male) megaspores(female)
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sporangium
multicellular organ where meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop
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Phylum Cycadophyta
2nd largest group of gymnosperms, large cones, palmlike leaves
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Phylum Gnetophyta
Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia
| some tropical, some in deserts
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Phylum Ginkgophyta
One species remaining, maidenhair tree
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Phylum Coniferophyta
largest gymnosperm phyla
| many are large trees, most are evergreens
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Pyrococcus furiosis
Small, contains tungsten, DNA-polymerase enzyme used in PCR reactions, high temp environments
Archaea
66
Halobacterium
salt-tolerant, red membrane pigments, extremophiles, why GSL is red
67
Campylobacter jejuni
PBE, pathogenic to humans/animals, spiral, blue/purple, rough texture, blood poisoning/intestinal inflammation
68
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
PBD, predator, parasite, spins 100um/s, hunting phase & parasitizing growth phase,
69
Chlamydia trachomatis
STD, affects eyes, parasite, spherical or rod shaped
70
Escherichia Coli
PBG, rod shaped, some have flagella, most don't cause diseases
71
Heliobacteria pylori
PBE, in stomach, stomach ulcers, stomach cancer,
72
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Spirochete, flagellum-like filaments, free-living or parasitic, live w/ muscles and oysters
73
Palmaria Palmata
Archaeplastida, Dulse(common name), reddish brown seaweed, edible
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Volvox
Archaeplastida, colonial green algae, biflagellated
75
Plasmodium falciparum
Chromalveolata, parasitic, malaria
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Laminaria
Chromalveolata, Kelp(common name), coastal shores, alternation of generations, edible
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Triceratium morlandii
Chromalveolata, unicellular algae, phytoplankton
78
Giardia intestinalis
Excavata, flagellated, unicellular, diarrhea
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Trichomanas vaginalis
Excavata, sexually transmitted parasite
80
Trypanosoma
Excavata, kinetoplastids(common name), mass of DNA called kinetoplast, sleeping sickness
81
Globigerina
Rhizaria, Forams(common name), threadlike pseudopodia, dead ones build up on seafloor
82
Paulinella chromatophora
Rhizaria, autotroph, derived from cyanobacterium, amoeba, has a chromatophore
83
Entamoeba histolytica
Unikonta, Ameba (common name), pathogen, infects all vertebrates, can consume HIV infected cells, intestines
84
Dictyostelium Discoideum
Unikonta, Slime mold(common name), body stage where fruiting body is formed
