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Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gelsolin

A

actin binding protein that breaks actin filament in the middle

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2
Q

integrin

A

actin binding protein that anchor actin to cell membrane or environment of cell (e.g. basement membrane)

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3
Q

Formin

A

actin binding protein - cause filaments to branch

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4
Q

filipodia

A

actin filaments anchored to the terminal web - protrude outward and move the cell

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5
Q

Lamellopodia

A

actin filaments anchored to the terminal web - protrude outward and move the cell

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6
Q

cytochalasins B&D

A

drug that prevent actin filament polymerization

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7
Q

phalloidin

A

mushroom toxin, prevent actin filament depolymerization

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8
Q

Tau

A

microtubule binding protein, organize microtubules. In Alzheimer’s disease, Tau is hyperphosphorylated and forms tangles, protein vesicles, mitochondria can’t be transported effectively - cells die eventually

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9
Q

vinblastine

A

drug that prevent microtubule polymerization

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10
Q

colchicine

A

drug that prevent microtubule polymerization

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11
Q

taxol

A

stabilize microtubule, prevent depolymerization

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12
Q

Keratin

A

intermediate filament in epithelial cells

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13
Q

vimentin

A

intermediate filament in smooth muscle and connective tissue cells

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14
Q

desmin

A

intermediate filament in skeletal muscle cells

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15
Q

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)

A

intermediate filament in glia cells

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16
Q

neurofilaments

A

intermediate filament in neurons

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17
Q

Lamins

A

intermediate filaments in the nucleus; make up lamina, which line the inner surface of the nuclear membrane; bind to membrane proteins and chromatin; phosphorylated during pro-metaphase causes fast disassembly of the nuclear membrane (dephosphorylation of lamin allows fast assembly of the nuclear membrane)

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18
Q

caveolin

A

membrane protein important for clathrin independent pinocytosis; indent the cell membrane when multiple ones are together

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19
Q

dynamin

A

enzyme(GTPase) that close neck of endocytosis vesicles (both receptor dependent and receptor independent endocytosis)

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20
Q

Adaptin (AP-2)

A

bind to intracellular domain of receptors, clathrin attach to the other end (receptor mediated endocytosis)

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21
Q

SNARE protein

A

important in docking endocytosis vesicles to the ER

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22
Q

Rab5

A

label vesicle for transit through the endosomal pathway - bind tethering proteins

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23
Q

List ligands that enter cell through receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Hormones (insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH);
Growth Factors; Lymphokines (interleukins, CSF, TNF, interferon); Nutrients (transferrin; LDL)

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24
Q

Multi-Vesicular Bodies (MVB)

A

vesicles are transported as multivesicular bodies to late endosome, which then fuse with lysosome; often MVB = late endosome; heterogeneous appearance (while lysosome is rather homogeneous)

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25
Hydrolase
enzyme in late endosome and lysosomes, function at pH~5, break down everything
26
pseudopodia
reorganization of actin filaments during phsgocytosis to engulf the particle
27
lypofusin
byproducts in lysosomes that can't be recycled (e.g. pigments)
28
Thermogenin
mitochondria inner membrane protein - a shunt that dissipate energy without producing ATP
29
MERRF (myocolonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers) is due to?
defect in mitochontrial gene
30
E site, P site, A site on large ribosomal subunit stand for?
E- exit P- peptidyl tRNA site A- amino-acyl tRNA site
31
SRP proteins
recognize ER signal sequence and direct ribosome-protein complex to the ER membrane
32
chaperons
encourage proper folding of proteins; compete with proteosomes for access to mis-folded proteins
33
Function of Smooth ER
(1) Synthesize lipids, steroid (2) Store Ca (3) drug detoxification (cytochrome P450)
34
How do smooth ER get lipids to the cell membrane
vesicular transport Diffusion through the ER Transport proteins (phospholipid transporting proteins)
35
Functions of the peroxisome
(1) beta-oxidation of fatty acids (2) detoxification of ethanol and drugs (3) involved in plasmalogen synthesis (important component of myelin sheath) * oxidation of substrates -> generate peroxide (H2O2)
36
perinuclear space
space between the two layers of nuclear membrane
37
Importin
recognize nuclear localization signals, interact with proteins within the nuclear pore
38
fibrillar center of the nucleolus
rDNA is not being transcribed here
39
Dense fibrillar zone of the nucleolus
rDNA being transcribed
40
Granular zone of the nucleolus
ribosomal packaging and processing
41
Steps of DNA packaging
(1) double helix wrap around histone proteins -> nucleosomes (2) solenoids (3) chromatins (4) chromosomes
42
centrocomes
made of 2 centrioles (9 triplets of microtubules)
43
Terminal Differentiation (Gtd) in cell cycle
cell division ceases for good
44
Quiescent (G0)
when cells leave the cell cycle during G1, but is capable of returning to it
45
Karyokinesis
division of the nucleus
46
Centromere
area on metaphase chromosome where kinetochore proteins attach to, also where sister chromatids attach to each other. Include the chromosome around the area and the kinetochore proteins
47
condensin
increase DNA coiling, interact with solenoid to form chromatins
48
cohesin
bind sister chromatids together
49
cyclin, CDK (cyclin dependent kinase)
control cell cycle (G1-S-G2-M); cyclins are present in the cell only at certain times, activate CDK
50
3 types of microtubule arrangements during mitosis
(1) astral microtubules -> radiate towards the periphery from the spindle pole (Dynein pull) (2) polar microtubules -> overlap with microtubules from opposite spindle pole (Kinesin push) (3) kinetochore microtubules -> attach to kinetochore proteins
51
Kinetochore protein
attache to kinetochore microtubules; hydrolyse GTP to cause shortening (disassembly) of microtubules
52
APC (anaphase promoting complex)
an enzyme activated just before anaphase, that cause breakdown of cohesin thereby the separation of sister chromatids
53
Rb (retinoblastoma)
abundant in the nucleus, block DNA synthesis in not in favorable environments, targeted by G1/S CDK to initiate DNA replication
54
p53
monitors DNA damage (work during the G1 phase); activated when cell stress increase, or when damaged DNA is present; activated p53 prevent cell from entering S phase, and can initiate apoptosis
55
Caspases
common pathway to apoptosis (programmed cell death)
56
Bcl2 (B cell lymphoma 2 gene)
anti apoptotic; high levels of Bcl2 may prevent cancer cells from apoptosis and thereby cause cancer
57
flagella
special cilia, found in spermatozoa (9+2 structure); surrounded by mitochondria
58
Cadheren
Binding to Ca2+ induce binding to each other; form adherent junctions between cells -> attach to anchoring proteins which in turn bind to actin filaments inside cells ; also form desmosomes -> attache to anchoring proteins, which bind to intermediate filaments
59
gap junctions are made of
connexons (6 connexin -> 1 connexon)
60
Laminin
protein in the basement membrane; (lamin - intermediate filament in the nucleus)
61
Metaplasia
cells adapt to change in environment by differentiating into a different cell type; predispose ells to become cnacerousreversible process if stress is removed;
62
fibrillin
glycoprotein that from a sheath around elastin in elastic fibers; (don't be confused with fibronectin which are structural glycoproteins in the basement membrane)
63
Langerhan cells
macrophages in the skin

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