Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are synarthrotic joints found in teeth called
A
Gomphoses
2
Q
Epimysium surrounds what part of a muscle?
A
Entire muscle
3
Q
Endomysium surrounds what part of a muscle?
A
Individual fibers
4
Q
The motor unit consists of what elements?
A
motor neuron, muscle cell
5
Q
What organelle in muscle cell stores Ca2+
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
6
Q
When calcium is released from the SR, what transport protein do they move thru?
A
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs)
7
Q
Calcium is pumped back into the SR via what pump? Is this an active of passive process?
A
SERCA, active
8
Q
During muscle contraction, what components of the cell actually shorten?
A
H zone and I band
9
Q
I band consists of what?
A
Actin fibers
10
Q
A band consists of what?
A
Myosin fibers
11
Q
What proteins anchor the myosin to the Z disc?
A
Titins
12
Q
Sarcomere is defined by what boundaries?
A
Z disc to Z disc
13
Q
Calcium will bind to what protein in order to allow myosin to bind to actin?
A
Troponin
14
Q
In a relaxed muscle cell, what protein is blocking the binding site of actin/myosin
A
Tropomyosin
15
Q
After myosin and actin binding, what needs to happen for the power stroke to begin?
A
ATP is hydrolized releasing an inorganic phosophate
16
Q
During the power stroke, how far do the filaments slide?
A
about 10 nm
17
Q
After the muscle filaments slide in contraction, what is needed for the muscle to relax?
A
ATP to bind to myosin
18
Q
What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
A
Acetylcholine
19
Q
Action potential infiltrates the muscle via what?
A
Transverse tubules
20
Q
Intercalated discs are present in what muscle?
A
Cardiac
21
Q
Intercalated discs link cells together via what?
A
Gap jcts, Desmosomes
22
Q
T/F: Smooth muscle contains troponin?
A
False
23
Q
T/F: When calcium levels in smooth muscle decrease, the contracted muscle always relaxes
A
False, cross bridges can remain attached providing sustained contractions with little energy cost
24
Q
Name the four types of tissue
A
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
25
Blood is considered what type of tissue
Connective
26
Name 4 ways we study and examine tissue
Whole mounts, squash slides, smear slides, section slides
27
3 functions of epithelial tissue are what?
Protective barrier, Absorption, secretion
28
T/F: Epithelial tissue is highly vascularized
False, typically avascular and relies on diffusion of blood from CT
29
The apical pole of epithelium faces what?
lumen
30
The basal pole of epithelium faces what?
CT
31
The basement membrane is...
a thin sheet of ECM attaching epithelium to CT via hemidesmosomes
32
The basement membrane is composed of what 3 zones
lamina lucida
lamina densa
lamina fibroreticularis
33
The lamina lucida is composed of what?
laminin, entactin, integrins
34
The lamina densa is composed of what?
Collagen IV
35
Where would you likely find simple squamos epi tissue?
lining blood and lymph vessles
36
where would you most likely find stratified squamos epi tissue?
anything that might encounter abrasive forces regularly, ex. skin, attached gingiva, vagina
37
Simple columnar cells would most likely be found where?
mucus secreting and absorptive surfaces, ex. GI tract
38
Microfilaments are composed of what and have what function?
Actin
| structural, filopodia, cell shape
39
Intermediate filaments are composed of what?
Vimentin, cytokeratin
| Anchors and structural support only - non contractile!
40
Microtubules are composed of what and have what function?
Tubulin
| Monorail system, cilia, flagella
41
Tight junctions include what proteins?
Claudin, occludin, JAM
42
Adhesive junctions - zonula adherins - contain what proteins and where are they located in reference to the cell?
Catenins - inside the cell
| Cadherins - outside the cell
43
Cadherins are dependent on what?
calcium
44
Desmosomes attach to what inside the cell?
Intermediate filaments
45
Adhesive Junctions - zonula adherins - attach to what inside the cell?
Microfilaments - Actin
46
Hemidesmosomes attach to what inside the cell? To what outside the cell?
Inside - intermediate filaments
| Outside - basal lamina of basement membrane
47
Gap junctions are composed of a unit made of multiple subunits, what are these and how many are needed to maek one?
6 connexins = 1 connexon
48
T/F: Nucleic acids, proteins, and carbs can pass thru gap jcts
False, these molecules are too large
49
Gap jcts are best for what purpose?
Propagation of electrical signals
50
During epithelial turnover and maintenance, pluripotent progenitor cells complete mitosis where?
Basal lamina
51
Connective tissue consists of what components?
cells, ECM fibers, ECM ground substance
52
Functions of CT include?
Mechanical/structural support, storage of interstitial flui, tissue repair, defense and immune protection
53
Cells always found in CT are what?
fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells
54
Fibroblasts have what function?
ECM production and tissue repair
55
Collagen is a major product of cell from what lineage?
mesenchyme
56
Most abundant protein in body?
collagen
57
What is an example of a disease associated with collagen deficiency/malfunction?
Scurvy - vitamin C is a coenzyme needed for collagen fabrication and scurvy is a result of Vit C deficiency
58
Elastin is a product of what cell
Fibroblast
59
Elastin fibers accumulate onto a protein matrix composed of what proteins?
Fibrillin 1 and 2
60
What is a disease/disorder associated with compromised elastin?
Marfans syndrome - fibrillin 1 mutation
61
What are 4 functions of adipocytes?
Store energy
Insulate
Provide cushion for organs
Synthesize hormones
62
CT Ground substance is composed of mainly what two elements?
proteoglycans and glycoproteins
63
CT Ground substance has what main function
sequesters fluid to provide compressive strength
| "keeps squidgy things squidgy"
64
proteoglycans are a product of what cell?>
fibroblasts
65
proteoglycans are composed how?
protein backbone with glycosoaminoglycan chains (GAGs)
66
What is an important function of proteoglycans?
can hold onto growth factors for later use
67
ECM is digested by what cells?
fibroblasts and matrix metalloproteins (MMPs)
68
Which CT contains the most cells within?
loose CT
69
Humans require what source of energy?
chemical
70
Identify the false descrptions:
```
Prokaryotic cells contain:
No cell wall
membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasmic DNA
Cytoskeleton
80s ribsomes
replicate via binary fission
diversity comes from meiosis/recombo
```
NO membrane bound organelles
NO cytoskelton
70 s ribosomes
diversity comes from mutations
71
Typically most pathogenic bacteria are in what class?
Gram negative, contain LPS
72
The most important function of cellular membranes is what?
segregation, critical for biochemical rxns
73
The majority of cell membrane components is found where?
RER
74
Some characteristics of lipid rafts are what?
cholesterol and sphingolipid rich
limit fluidity
anchor for other organelles
signal transduction and endocytosis
75
Name 5 types of endocytosis
```
Phagocytosis
macropinocytosis
clathrin dependent endocytosis
caveolin dependent endocytosis
clathrin and caveolin independent endocytosis
```
76
What types of endocytosis are dependent on lipid rafts?
caveolin dependent, clathrin and caveolin independent endocytosis
77
Functions of endocytosis?
remodel plasma membrane
alter ECM environment
provide nutrients
regulate and amplify signal transduction
78
Clathrin dependent endocytosis is dependent on what protein?
Dynamin
79
An early endosome can turn into what 2 organelles?
late endosome
| recycling endosome
80
microtubule motors include what?
Kinesin, Dynein
81
Kinesins travel in what direction
anterograde (away from nucleus)
82
Dyneins travel in what direction
retrograde (toward nucleus)
83
T/F: Glycolysis occurs in mitochondria
False, occurs in cytoplasm
84
Where does citric acid cycle occur>
matrix of mito
85
Where does ETC occur?
Inner membrane of mito
86
RNA polymerase reads in what direction on what DNA strand?
3 - 5
| template strand
87
RNA leaves the nucleus via what?
Nuclear pore complex
88
Human ribosomes are composed of what two subunits?
60 s lg unit
| 40 s sm unit
89
Proteins that remain in cytosol are typically made where?
Cytosol
90
Proteins bound for the plasma membrane are typically made where?
RER
91
chromatin is dispersed in the nucleus during what stage of the cell cycle?
G0 phase, cell cycle arrest phase
92
Gap phase 1 (G1) what happens>
cellular contents duplicated (NOT chromosomes)
93
What phase are chromosomes duplicated?
S (Synthesis) phase
94
What happens during Gap 2 phase?
chromosomes cohere and proper duplication is checked
95
Mitosis produces what kind of cells?
diploid
96
Meiosis produces what kind of cells?
haploid
97
What 3 units make up a nucleotide?
pentose ring
1-3 phosphate groups
purine/pyrimidine base
98
What are three main functions of nucleic acids?
Information transfer
Energy transfer
Signal transduction
99
Primary structure of DNA and RNA consists of what?
sequences of nucleotides
100
secondary structure of DNA and RNA consists of what>
interactions b/w bases. DNA has a double helix, RNA folds loops, hairpins.
101
Tertiary structure of dna and rna consists of what
structural dimensions of atoms; #bps/turn, length of helix turn, handedness
102
quaternary structure of dna consists of what
interaction with other molecules, histones, ribosomes, etc. DNA interacts with histone proteins to make chromatin
103
T/F: Nucleic acids can act as energy carriers, coenzymes, and signalling molecules
True
104
What are 5 functions of lipids/fatty acids
```
energy storage
membranes constituents
carry info and signal
vitamins, cofactors, colorants
surfactants
```
105
Name three common linker molecules
glycerol, sphingosine, glycerophosphate
106
name 3 major membrane lipids
phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids
107
How can triglycerides be converted into chemical energy?
by undergoing beta oxidation then entering krebbs cycle as acteyl CoA
108
Glycolipids are mostly for what function of the cell?
cellular ID,
| anchoring proteins to membranes
109
Sterols are what and are located where?
membrane fatty acids
110
What are functions of sterols?
increase membrane fluidity
reduce permeability
lipid raft components
necessary for endocytosis
111
name three inflammatory lipids
prostaglandins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes
112
What enzymes produce inflammatory lipids?
COX 1/2
