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Cardiopulmonary > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the thorax?

A

-to protect major organs of the cardiopulmonary system

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2
Q

What ribs does the sternum articulate with?

A

-Ribs 3-7

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3
Q

What is the main of the level in the thorax at which the trachea bifurcates to the main bronchi?

A

-The angle of louis

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4
Q

Where does the manubrium meet the sternum?

A

-The angle of Louis

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5
Q

What ribs are considered true ribs?

A

-Ribs 1-7

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6
Q

What ribs are considered false ribs?

A

-Rib 8-10

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7
Q

What ribs are floating ribs?

A

-Ribs 11 and 12

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8
Q

Where does the vascular and nervous supply of ribs run?

A

-Just beneath the inferior border of the ribs

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9
Q

What is the outermost layer of heart tissue?

A

-The pericardium

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

-Parietal and Visceral

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11
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium?

A

-Parietal layer

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12
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardium?

A

-Visceral layer

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13
Q

What divides the two layers of the pericardium?

A

-The pericardial space

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14
Q

What is in the pericardial space?

A

-Pericardial fluid (about 20ml)

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15
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

-When there is more than 20 ml of pericardial fluid in the pericardial space

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16
Q

What is the muscle of the heart the facilitates pumping?

A

-The myocardium

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17
Q

What three properties do myocardial cells have?

A

-Automaticity, rhythmicity, and conductivity

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18
Q

What lines the chambers of the heart?

A

-The Endocardium

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19
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

-The tricuspid valve

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20
Q

What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

-The mitral valve

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21
Q

What valve separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries?

A

-The pulmonic (semilunar valve)

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22
Q

What valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

A

-The aortic (semilunar) valve

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23
Q

A myocardial infarct affecting the papillary muscle will effect what?

A

-The valves of the hart

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24
Q

What node sets the rhythm of the heart?

A

-The SA (sinoatrial) node

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25
Where is the SA node located?
-The Right atrium
26
What is the normal firing rate of the SA node?
-60-100 BPM
27
What node slows the impulses down to allow the ventricles to properly fill?
-The AV (atrioventricular) node
28
What node can take over if the SA node fails?
-The AV node
29
What is the normal firing rate of the AV node?
-40 to 60 bpm
30
What fibers transmits impulses to the myocardial cells?
-Perkinjie fibers
31
What provides parasympathetic innervation to the heart?
-The Vagus nerve
32
What provides sympathetic innervation to the heart?
-Epinephrine and norepinephrine
33
What it the low pressure system of the cardiopulmonary system?
-The pulmonary system
34
What is the high pressure system?
-Systemic circulation
35
What are the first branches of the aorta?
-the coronary arteries
36
What is the first branch off of the aortic arch?
-The brachiocephalic trunk
37
What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?
-The right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
38
What is the branch off of the aortic arch after the brachiocephalic trunk?
-the left common carotid artery
39
What is the last branch off of the aortic arch?
-The left subclavian artery
40
What is the first branch of the right coronary artery?
-The marginal branch
41
What Arises from the right coronary artery?
-The posterior descending branch
42
What does the left coronary artery immediatly give rise to?
-the anterior descending artery
43
What else does the left coronary artery give rise to?
-The circumflex artery
44
Where do all coronary veins end?
-The coronary sinus
45
Where does the right coronary arise from?
-The right anterolateral surface of the aorta
46
Where does the right coronary artery descend to?
-the coronary sulcus
47
Where does the left coronary artery arise from?
-left anterolateral aspect of the aorta
48
What type of veins do not have valves?
-The pulmonary veins
49
What are arterial walls composed of?
-Elastic and fibrous connective tissue, and smooth muscle
50
Describe the path of blood?
-Artery>arteriole>capillary>venule>vein
51
What is the main function of the endothelium of blood vessels?
-filtration, permeability, vasomotion, clotting and inflammation
52
How do veins differ from arteries?
-Are thinner, have larger diameter, and have less elastic tissue than arteries
53
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
-transport and distribute essential substances to tissues of the body, and remove byproducts of cellular metabolism
54
When does the cardiac cycle begin and end?
-the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next
55
What is the contraction period of the cardiac cycle?
-Systole
56
What is the Relaxtion period of the cardiac cycle?
-Diastole
57
When the SA node first fires, what happens?
-The Right Atrium contracts
58
From the right atrium, impulse from the SA node travels to the left atrium via what?
-The Bachmann Bundle
59
When the ventricles begin to contract, you hear the first heart sound due to what?
-The AV valves closing
60
What is the term that describes the beginning of the ventricular contraction during which the volume of blood does not change, and pressure increases?
-Isovolumic ventricular contraction
61
The building of pressure from the isovolumic contraction causes what?
-The semilunar valves to open and blood to be ejected from the ventricles
62
What causes the second heart sound?
-The closing of the semilunar valves
63
What occurs at the start of ventricular relaxation?
-Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
64
What is the volume of blood ejected out of the left ventricle per minute?
-Cardiac output
65
What is normal value of cardiac output?
-5-6L per minute
66
What do you calculate cardiac output?
-SV times HR
67
What is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each contraction?
-Strove volume
68
what is normal strove volume?
-55-100 ml
69
What is the index of myocardial O2 consumption that reflects cardiac fitness?
-Rate pressure product
70
Who do you calculate the rate pressure product?
-55-100 ml
71
What is cardic index?
-CO time systolic BP
72
What do sympathetic fibers do to HR and the SA node?
-Increase firing rate
73
How do parasympathetic fibers effect HR and the SA firing rate?
-Decreases them
74
What regulates HR intrinsically?
-The SA and AV node
75
What regulates HR extrinsically?
-Neural influences
76
How do sympathetic fibers in the myocardial walls effect coronary arteries?
-The dilate them
77
Where is the cardiac acceleratory and decceleratory centers?
-the medulla
78
Sympathetic influences increase HR via what?
-Catecholamines (norepi and epi)
79
Parasympathetic influences decrease HR via what?
-Acetylcholine via the Vagus nerve
80
Changes in HR are called what type of effects?
-Chronotrophic
81
Changes in contractility are called what type of effect?
-Ionotrophic
82
What three things effect strove volume?
-Preoload, contracility, and afterload
83
What is the end diastolic volume also called?
-Preload
84
What is cardiac contractility influenced by?
-Intrinsics (myocardial stretch) and extrinsics (activity of the sympathoadrenal system)
85
What is Frank Stallings law?
-If there is a greater volume of blood ejected by the heart, it is mainly due to the fact that there was more blood returned to the heart and vice versa
86
What is the best indicator of cardiac function?
-Ejection Fraction
87
What is ejection fraction?
-The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles relative to the amount of blood received by the ventricles
88
What is normal ejection fraction?
-60-70%
89
Who will systolic HR effect ejection fraction?
-it will decrease it
90
What two factors effect venous return?
-Total blood volume, and pressure within venous vasculature
91
Less total blood volume will cause what?
-LEss blood being returned to the heart
92
Where is pressure highest in the venous system?
-The venules
93
Where is pressure lowest in the venous system?
-The vena cava at the right atrium
94
When does the myocardium receive blood?
-The diastole
95
During sytole, the myocardium relies on what?
-Myoglobin
96
What regulate coroney blood flow?
-The ANS
97
What change occur in the cardiovascular system due to aging?
-increases in LV wall thickness, increased vascular thickness and reduction in maximum oxygen consumption and cardiac output

Cardiopulmonary (7 decks)

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