quiz 1-8

Question 1

ACUTE PAIN

Answer 1

pain of less than 6 months’ duration for which an underlying pathology can be identified

Question 2

A-Beta fibers

Answer 2

Large, myelinated nerve fibers with receptors located in the skin, bones, and joints that transmit sensation related to vibration, stretching of skin, and mechanoreception. when working abnormally, these fibers can contribute to the sensation of pain

Question 3

A-Delta fibers

Answer 3

Small, myelinated nerve fibers that transmit pain quickly to the CNS in response to high intensity mechanical stimulation, heat, or cold. SHARP PAIN

Question 4

Afferent Nerves

Answer 4

nerves conduct impulses from periphery to the CNS

Question 5

Allodynia

Answer 5

pain that occurs in response to stimuli that do not usually produce pain

Question 6

Analgesia

Answer 6

reduced sensibility to pain

Question 7

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 7

the division of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities of smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular secretion. ANS composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Question 8

C Fibers

Answer 8

small, unmyelinated nerve fibers that transmit pain slowly to CNS in response to noxious levels of mechanical, thermal, ad chem stim. DULL, LONG LASTING/ ACHING

Question 9

central sensitization

Answer 9

process of CNS adaptation to nociceptive input that changes transmission from peripheral nerves to the CNS, increasing the magnitude and uration of the response to noxious stimuli (causing primary hyperalgesia); enlarging the receptor fields of the nerves (causing secondary hyperalgesia); and reducing the pain threshold, so that normally nonnoxious stimuli become painful (causing allodynia).

Question 10

chronic pain

Answer 10

pain that persists beyond the usual or expected length of time for tissue healing

Question 11

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

Answer 11

A chronic disease characterized by severe Pain, usually in an arm or leg, associated with dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system and central sensitization, usuall following trauma. PREVIOUSLY REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY

Question 12

Efferent Nerves

Answer 12

from CNS to periphery

Question 13

Endogenous Opioid Theory

Answer 13

theory that pain is modulated at peripheral, spinal cord, and cortical levels by endogenous neurotransmitters that bind to the same receptors of exogenous opioids

Question 14

endorphins/ opiopeptins

Answer 14

endogenous opioid like peptides that reduce the perception of pain by binding to opioid receptors

Question 15

Enkephalines

Answer 15

Pentapeptides that are naturally occurring in the brain and that bind to opioid receptors, producing analgesic and other opioid associated effects

Question 16

Gate Control Theory of Pain Modulation

Answer 16

pain is modulated at the spinal cord level by inhibitory effects of innocuous afferent input

Question 17

Hyperalgesia

Answer 17

increased sensitivity to noxious stimuli

Question 18

neurotransmitter

Answer 18

substance released by presynaptic neurons that activates postsynaptic neurons

Question 19

nociception

Answer 19

sensory component of pain

Question 20

nociceptors

Answer 20

nerve endings that are activated by noxious stimuli, contributing to a sensation of pain

Question 21

noxious stimulus

Answer 21

any stimulus that triggers the sensation of pain

Question 22

pain

Answer 22

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or threatened tissue damage

Question 23

pain gating

Answer 23

the inhibition of pain by inputs from non nociceptive afferents

Question 24

pain spasm pain cycle

Answer 24

the cycle in which nociceptor activation results in transmission cell activation that stimulates anterior horn cells to cause muscles to contract. this produces compression of blood vessels, accumulation of chemical irritants, mechanical compressions of the nociceptor and a resultant increase in nociceptor activation

Question 25

patient controlled analgesia (PCA)

Answer 25

method for controlling pain by patients pumping to self administer intravenous doses of analgesic medication. in hospital this is effective

Question 26

peripheral sensitization

Answer 26

lowering of the nociceptor firing threshold in response to the release of various substances, including substance P, neurokinin A, and calcitonin, gene related peptide (CGRP), from nociceptive afferent fibers. Peripheral sensitization causes an increased magnitude in response to a stimuli and in increase in the area from which stimuli can evoke action potentials.

Question 27

referred pain

Answer 27

pain experienced in one area when the actual or threatened tissue damage has occurred in another area

Question 28

sensitzation

Answer 28

lowering of pain threshold that increases the experience of pain

Question 29

substance P

Answer 29

chem mediator thought to be involved in the transmission of of neuropathic and inflammatory pain

Question 30

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 30

part of the autonomic nervous system involved in the fight or flight response of the body causing an increased HR, BP, and sweating as well as dilatation of pupils

Question 31

synapse

Answer 31

site of functional connection between neurons where an impulse is transmitted from one neuron (presynaptic neuron) to another (postsynaptic) usually by neurotransmitter

Question 32

transduction

Answer 32

process by which a chemical or mechanicalstimulus is converted into electrical activity

Question 33

transmission T cells

Answer 33

second order neurons located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that receive signals from pain fibers and make connections with other neurons in the spinal cord