Quiz 1 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
what do most oral/pharyngeal cancers derive from?
A
90% derive from epithelial cells
2
Q
what tooth structure is derived from epithelial cells? what is the development disorder associated with it called
A
enamel
amelogenesis imperfecta
3
Q
what are the biotypes of gums and how is it checked for?
A
thin and thick biotypes. A probe is stuck under the gums and if it is visible it is the thin biotype, invisible it is thick
4
Q
what type of cells make up the gingiva
A
keratinized epithelium
5
Q
what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
A
- physical protection
- barrier / permeability control
- sensation trigger
- secretion
- excretion
- gas exchange (lungs)
- gliding lubrication (mesothelium)
6
Q
what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
A
they allow materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is. not important (blood vessel lining) –> unlike protection thats needed in intestins or skin
7
Q
where are simple squamous epithelium found (include subtypes and where theyre found)
A
(simple squamous includes endothelium and mesothelium)
endothelium : blood vessel lining, lining of heart, and lymphatic vessels
mesothelium: peritoneum, pleurae, pericardium (serous membrane)
also found in : glomeruli, skin, alveoli lining
8
Q
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
A
absorptive or secretory
9
Q
where are simple cuboidal cells located?
A
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portion of small glands(merocrine, apocrine, holocrine) , ovary surface
10
Q
what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
A
absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances (apical specialization - microvilli- increase absorptive area
11
Q
what are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
A
absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances, lining of stomach
12
Q
where are simple columnar epithelial cells found
A
small intestine, excretory ducts of some glands, lining of stomach, goblet cells (specialized ones)
13
Q
what are microvilli and how do they appear histologically
A
fingerlike cytoplasmic extensions that increase absorption area. not visible with light microscopy, you see a brush border instead (lighter pink border)
-apical specialization on simple columnar cells of intestine
14
Q
what are the functions of pseudostratified epithelium?
A
secrete substances (mucus mostly), propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
15
Q
what are cilia
A
apical specialization (pseudostratified epithelium) -long hairlike extensions (dont have cytoplasm in them) have back and forth movement to move things along/clear out
16
Q
where is pseudo-stratified epithelium found?
A
respiratory tract (trachea,bronchi), nasal cavity, excretory ducts in parotid gland
17
Q
what are the basal cells of stratified squamous epithelium
A
cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active whereas surface cells are flattened (squamous)
18
Q
what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium
A
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
19
Q
where is stratified squamous epithelium
A
keratinized: epidermis of skin, hard palate, gingiva.
nonkeratinized: moist lining of the esophagus, mouth and vagina, true vocal chords
20
Q
where is transitional epithelium found
A
mostly in the urinary tract, also called urothelium. characterized by dome shape outer cell layer , it can also stretch so it is a thinner layer when the bladder is full . Lines urinary passage from renal calyces to urethra.
21
Q
where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found
A
lining of ducts in sweat glands
22
Q
where is stratified columnar found
A
lining of large excretory ducts in some glands and cavernous urethra
23
Q
endocrine vs exocrine glands
A
endocrine secrete into the bloodstream, exocrine secrete into an extracellular space (duct)
*simple cuboidal?
24
Q
what is an example of unicellular exocrine glands
A
goblet cells
25
what are the shape characteristics of multicellular exocrine glands
shape:
tubular
acinar (circular shape)
tubuloacinar (tube leading to globular shape)
-simple or compound branched!!
so theres simple tubular, acinar, and tubuloacinar and then there is compound tubular, compound acinar, and compound tubuloacinar--- submandibular salivary glands!
26
describe the descending lateral (apical-> basal) junctions of epithelial cells
First there are tight junctions (or occluding junctions, zonula occludens) these function as a barrier. The cell membranes themselves are connected/fused by strands of transmembrane proteins such as claudins and occludins--- creates impenetrable seal
Then there are the Adhering Junctions :
- zonula adherens (link actin cytoskeleton)-intercellular bridging proteins linked to actin filaments of cytoskeleton
- desmosomes/macula adherens (protein connection for stress/mechanical pull)-intercellular bridges linked to cytokeratins
- ---provide structural cohesion/stability
-lastly Gap Junctions: allow electrical coupling of cells by direct cytoplasmic connections (connexons)-allows intercommunication
27
how are epithelial cells anchored
HEMIDESMOSOMES= they are anchored on the basal side to the basal lamina of the basement membrane. They are linked by integrins , provides stability to the whole tissue. hemidesmosomes are like desmosomes, integrin proteins.
28
what makes up the basement membrane
synthesized by epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue (its all connective tissue)
- basal lamina : Integrins attach it to the epithelial cells. includes lamina lucida and lamina densa (Collagen IV of lamina densa)
- underlying reticular tissue (lamina reticularis): Collagen III mostly, proteoglycans
reticular connectivev tissue attaches to the basal lamina with vollagen VII anchoring fibrils and fibrillin microfibrils
29
osteogenesis - what is it for teeth??
abnormalities in collagen formation- bones arent well formed, fragile bones break easily because collagen isnt assembled well.In teeth its called dentinogenesis imperfecta
30
what is ehlers danlos syndrome
gene for making collagen (type I?) col1a1 and col1a2 genes- hyperextensibility of skin
31
what is marfans syndrome
elastin syndrome- effects skin, dermis, hyperextensibility of joints, fragility in the walls of vessels so rupture in vessels occurs because theres not a good elastin layer.
32
what is the ECM made up of (general)
fibers: collagen (includes reticular), elastic fibers
ground substance: amorphous gel like substance. basically everything else. made of water and organic materials like proteoglycans, glycoproteins etc.
33
what are mesenchyme cells and what do they turn into
embryonic connective tissue
| they make chondroblasts, lipoblasts, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and myoblasts (of skeletal muscle )
34
what cells make cartilage, bone and skeletal muscle
cartilage: chondroblasts
Bone: osteoblasts
skeleta muscle : Myoblasts
35
what do fibroblasts make
ligament, tendon, capsules, general supporting tissues
most numerous in ct
synthesize and degrade collagens, elastin, proteoglycans and other ECM proteins
36
macrophages-function and appearance
involved in
- host defense against pathogens
- removal of cellular debris during would healing and tissue remodeling
- turnover of old erythrocytes
- phagocytosis of foreign substances
-- irregular nuclei (double shape) large cells
37
mast cells-function and apperance
involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. allergys- used for immediate reactions. a bunch of circles surroundiing a vacuole-little circles are granules containing antihistamine and heparin
pinker staining?
38
plasma cells function and appearance
antibody secreting cells (in CT, variable amounts- more when infected)
- large oval cells with basophilic cytoplasm (dark staining) peripheral clumps of heterochromatin cause a "clock-face" appearance
- white blob in them is golgi apparatus which glycosylates the antibodies (which are glycoproteins)
- plasma cells leave their site of origin in lymphoid tissues and move to connective tissue-produce antibodies that mediate immunity
39
what are elastic fibers- commonly found
they are composed of microfibrils - fibrillin and a biopolymer which is elastin. Primarily made of elastin.
The elasticity of skin, larger blood vessels, large ligaments, and the lung depends upon rubber like properties of elastic fibers
40
what is reticular fiber and where is it found
type III collagen-provides support to cells in organs. found in organs, smooth muscle, blood vessels
lymphoid organs, liver and bone marrow
41
what is ground substance made of
amorphous, transparent, non fibrous hydrated gel.
composed of
-proteoglycans (Complex of GAGs which are polymers of amino sugars)
-glycoproteins (such as fibrillin, fibronectin)
its synthesized by fibroblasts, chondroblasts or osteoblasts, depending on the tissue
42
what are the types of loose (areolar) connective tissue
adipose tissue
reticular tissue
mucous connective tissue (embryo-umbilical cord, mesentery)
"CT Proper"
43
what are the types of dense connective tissue
dense irregular (collagen bundles in various ways), dense regular (collagen bundles aligned in one direction), and elastic (elastin fibers)
"CT Proper"
44
What are the supporting connective tissue types?
cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), and bone
45
what are the specialized CT types
blood (bone marrow with precursor cells)
46
whats another word for white fat cells
unilocular adipocyte
47
what kind of connective tissue is in the periodontal ligament
dense regular ct
48
what are the components of the PNS
cranial nerves and ganglia (12 pairs)
spinal nerves and ganglia (31 pairs)
autonomic nervous system
49
what are intero and exteroreceptors
interoreceptors-signals from in body like organs, exteroreceptors are senses from outside world
50
what are the somatic afferent signal sources(regular)
signals being sent to CNS from skin, oral mucosa, skeletal muscle, tendons, joints
51
what are the special afferent types
vision, hearing and equilibrium, olfaction (semll), taste
52
what kind of signal is from CNS to organs in response to a sense
visceral or autonomic efferent
53
what is a multipolar neuron
neurons with multiple dendrite extensions and one axon
54
what are the two TYPES Of sensory neurons
pseudounipolar:(skin) one ramification process comimg off cell body which splits into two processes , peripheral axon coming out of sensory ending side, and central axon to the dorsal root ganglia
bipolar : (Retina) two processesm one dendrite and one axon
55
what kind of neuron are integrative and motor
integrative: multipolar like purkinje and pyramidal. super super branched dendrites on purkinje. pyramidal has apical and two basal dendrite extensions
motor: multipolar (to skeletal cells) less branched than integrative examples.
autonomic motor: pre and post synaptic autonomic neuron system (2 parts for autonomic) each are multipolar
56
what are anterograde and retrograde movements in neurons
the movement of organelles or macromolecules transported in vesicles along microtubules , by means of motor molecules either anterograde which is down the axon towards the synapse or retrograde which is back through to the cell body
57
what are astrocytes?
of CNS
fibrous type (in white matter) and protoplasmic type (in grey matter)
functions:
-control of signal propagation and synapse formation between neurons.
-maintenance of ion concentrations and ionic metabolism around neurons
-form a seal on endothelial cells of capillaries (BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER!!!)
58
what are oligodendrocytes?
of CNS
| function: rbanching processes wrapping around several dozens or more axons to form segments of myelin sheaths
59
what are microglia
of CNS! specialized CNS phagocytes. they remove cellular debris and damaged cells.
60
what are ependymal cells?
found in the CNS. line ventricles of brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via choroid plexus
-movement and production of csf
61
what are schwann cells?
In the PNS (nerves)
provide support , protection , and a suitable environemnt
-schwann cell membrane form myelin sheath for PNS
-they provide support and suitable environment for non myelinated pns too
(electrical insulation)
62
what is myelin
| -what does it result in (type of conducting)
lipid rich sheath (multiple layers of plasma membrane) insulating an axon from extracellular ions
myelinated axons have faster conduction velocity (saltatory conduction)
-the axon membrane (with ion channels) is exposed only at nodes of ranvier
63
what are satellite cells?
```
of PNS (in ganglia)
-structural and metabolic support for neuron cell bodies in ganglia
```
64
what are gray and whtie matter
gray matter: consists of neuron cell bodies, glial cells and "neuropil" which is mix of neurons and their glial cells. found throughout the cortex of the brain and some inner parts which are called "nucleus"-cluster of nuclei there. (nuclei and dendrites)
white matter consists of tracts or fascicles which are myelinated bundles of nerve fibers and glial cells
65
what is neuropil?
network of neural fibers and glial cells
66
what is a nerve
part of PNS organization. its a bundle of axons (nerve fibers) enclosed by connective tissue. analogous to a CNS Tract ro fascicle aka white matter region
67
what is a ganglion and what parts of system are they apart of?
part of PNS organization. its a collection of neuron cell bodies. analogous to a CNS nucleus, (gray matter).
.
can be sensory or autonomic
-often with a connective tissue capsule. relay and integrative stations along sensory or autonomic motor nerve pathways. the sensory type is in the dorsal root of spinal nerves.
(btw cell bodies of dorsal root ganglion are afferent, sending info back to cns. )
68
how do myelinated vs unmyelinated peripheral nerves appear on a histology slide?
myelinated have a "halo" or white circle around them bc the process of prepping the sample removes the myelination.
69
what are the nerve linings
endoneurium (around a neuron), perineurium (around a fascicle of neurons, and epineurium (around the entire nerve)
70
what determines the functional differences in skeletal tissues
like all CT- determined by type and amount of fibers (collagen, elastic fibers etc) and ground substance (proteoglycans and water).
71
what is the composition of cartilage, its types and features?
composition: collagen fibers (type II), proteoglycan aggregates and water. chondroblasts(making it) and chondrocytes(stuck)
- types are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
- its semi rigid, resillient, radiolucent (not mineralized), avascular AND aneural. it can grow by both apposition and interstitial mechanisms.
72
where is hyaline cartilage found?
respiratory system, joints (articular cartilage), embryonic/fetal skeleton, epiphyseal growth plates
73
what surrounds hyaline cartilage , what other cartilage
TYPICALLY surrounded by perichondrium which is a dense connective tissue. it is rich in fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchyme cells (chondroblast precursors), blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. provides oxygen and nutrients which diffuse into avascular cartilage. remember that the vessels do NOT penetrate the cartilage
- also envelopes elastic cartilage.
- exception is articular cartilage (hyaline), does not have perichondrium
-fibrocartilage lacks it
74
where do you find chondrocytes?
lacunae
75
what is a proteoglycan aggregate
```
multiple proteoglycans (GAG + core protein complex) attached to hyaluronic acid-
neg charge of GAG's attracts water and helps collagen resist compression
```
76
what is appositional growth
addition of ECM on the SURFACE of existing cartilage
| secreted by chondroblasts derived from perichondrium
77
what is interstitial growth?
addition of new ECM WITHIN existing cartilage. chondrocytes divide. daughter cells secrete new ECM.
78
where is elastic cartilage found
external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis.
has a perichondrium
know its elastic bc of fibers across it (darker fibers around the lacunae
79
what is fibrocartilage
hybrid b/w hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous connective tissue
-bundes of type I collagen fibers added to cartilage matrix (chondrocytes secrete collagens I and II) resists compression AND stretching. no perichondrium. found in SYMPHYSES (vertebral disc)
80
what main minerals and hormone are stored in bone
calcium and phosphate, osteocalcin hormone
81
what is the composition of bone (%s)
65% mineral (rigidity), 23% collagen (Type I), 10% water, 2% non collagen proteins
82
what is the bone shaft called/ends
diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends)
83
what are short bone examples, whats a subset of it
they are cube shaped roughly, ankles and wrist bones.
| sesamoid is a subset and it includes patella/ two are in the hand. sesamoid like sesame seed shape
84
what are flat bone examples
sternum, scapula, skull, ribs and most cranial bones
85
what is another word for the central canal in bones? what connects them
haversian canal
| connected by volkmann's canals or perforating canals
86
what is osteoid
secreted by osteoblasts- organic matrix of bone
87
what are the 3 types of joint movement
synarthrodial (no movement)
amphiarthroses (little movement)
diarthrodial (freely movable)
88
what are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
1. suture (skull)
2. syndesmosis (Joint held together by a ligament.)
3. Gomphosis (peg in socket- PDL)
89
what are the types of cartilaginous joints
- synchondroses (bones united by hyaline cartilage- epiphyseal plate annd sternum)
- symphyses (bones united by fibrocartilage like pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc)
90
what are the components of a synovial joint
like elbow
- articulator cartilage : hyaline cartilage covers opposing bones
- joint cavity or articular cavity: contains synovial fluid
- articular capsule: The joint cavity is enclosed by a two layered articular capsule. The exzternal fibrous layer is composed of dense irregular CT. the inner layer of joint capsule is a synovial membrane composed of loose connective tissue. the membranes function is to make (by filterign) synovial fluid
91
what are the 3 overarching joint types
cartilaginous, fibrous, and synovial
92
how is synovial fluid made
capillaries in synovial membrane filtration
93
how are synovial joints innervated and vascularized
rich supply of sensory nerve fibers that innervate the capsule (aka the fibrous layer and synovial membrane layer)
94
what is the articular capsule
of synovial joints- its the two layers that enclose the joint cavity
- fibrous (outer) layer is made of dense irregular CT
- synovial membrane layer is composed of loose CT and it makes synovial fluid
95
what is articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage BUT it doesnt have perichondrium (unlike other hyaline cartilage)
covers bones at synovial joints, and gets nutrition by diffusion from synovial fluid-- poor regeneration
96
what are the types of synovial joints? and their movements
- plane joint- sliding movement/nonaxial
- Hinge joints (elbow): flexion & extension-uniaxial
- pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) : rotation-uniaxial
- condylar joint (metacarpophalangeal joints) biaxial
- saddle joint (thumb carpometacarpal joints)-biaxial
- ball and socket joint (shoulder)- multiaxial
