Quiz 1 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
High windage means an object sits __ in water
A
high (bouy)
2
Q
windage of water
A
1.0
3
Q
windage of a shoe
A
1.2
4
Q
windage of a bath toy
A
1.6
5
Q
wind current speed of 1.6 means
A
object travels 20% faster than surrounding water
6
Q
what are ocean currents and gyres driven by
A
wind and density
7
Q
what is an offset by coriolis
A
gravity
8
Q
average ocean depth
A
3.8 km
9
Q
the Pacific is what % of the ocean
A
50.1
10
Q
the Atlantic is what % of the ocean
A
25.9
11
Q
The Indian is what % of the ocean
A
20.4
12
Q
the Artic is what % of the ocean
A
3.6
13
Q
the Southern Ocean is what % of the ocean
A
22%
14
Q
why is the Southern Ocean not an ocean basin?
A
bc its not bounded by continents
15
Q
Where is the Southern Ocean
A
extends from poles to 60d S
16
Q
What are the Marginal Seas
A
Red and Black Sea
17
Q
How are the Marginal Seas separated from major ocean basins?
A
- by a sill (a shallow ride on seafloor)
- have independent deep water circulation
18
Q
Radius of Earth at equator
A
6,378.1 km
19
Q
Circumference of earth at the equator
A
40,075.02 km
20
Q
How far is 1 degree of long at equator
A
40
21
Q
What drives the wind pattern
A
heat
22
Q
what is the ultimate goal of understanding the ocean
A
so we can predict things
23
Q
oceanic currents are influenced by what?
A
Coriolis affect
24
Q
What is the Hypsographic Curve
A
shows elevations of land and sea. Two modal elevations 3800 m below sea level and 800 m above sea level
25
What is the typical distortion in maps?
Horizontal distortion from projection and vertical distortion from scaling
26
Height of the Troposphere
10km
27
Where is there net heat loss
Poles
28
Where is there net heat gain?
Equator
29
Why is there less heat input at the poles?
Incident angle
Reflection
tilt of the earth
30
What is the tilt of the earth
23.4 degrees
31
What is the angle of incidence at the poles
small, more scattering less absorption
32
what does a small angle of incidence mean?
rays are split into 2: refraction and reflection
33
What does heating at the Earth's surface lead to?
Seawater evaporation
34
What does more seawater evaporation lead to?
lower sea level atmospheric pressure
35
what does zonal mean
east to west
36
What happens to air as it warms?
It expands
37
What does cyclonic mean?
Low pressure in the center
38
How to winds flow?
from areas of high to low sealevel atmospheric pressure
39
Where does Coriolis deflect objects in the N Hemisphere
right
40
Where does Coriolis deflect objects in the S Hemisphere?
left
41
What is the theoretical explanation of Coriolis?
conservation of angular momentum
42
what two winds are next to the ITCZ
North-East Trade Winds and South East Trade Winds
43
what is wind stress
the vertical transfer of horizontal momentum from the atmosphere to the ocean (Nm-2)
44
what is the atmospheric (transition) boundary layer
the lowest part of the troposphere that is influenced by the presence of the earth's surface
45
what is the surface (equilibrium) layer
the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer closest to the ocean surface
46
What happens at the surface layer
vertical fluxes of heat and momentum are constant
47
What are the two layers the ocean is divided into?
surface circulation and deep cirulation
48
what is surface circulation driven by?
wind
49
what direction does surface circulations move
east to west (zonal)
50
what is deep circulation
thermohaline
51
what are thermohalines driven by
density
52
how does deep circulation move
largely north to south (meridional) and overturning
53
how much of the water column does thermohaline make up
90%
54
what is anit-cyclonic
higher pressure in the center
55
what are subtropical gyres influenced by
Trade Winds and Westerlines
56
which way to subtropical gyres spin in the n. hemisphere
clockwise
57
which way do subtropical gyres spin in the s. hemispehre
counterclockwise
58
which way does the flow intensify in subtropical gyres
west
59
what is work?
energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force applied in the direction of the displacement
60
units of work
Nm
61
as wind increases what type of cells do we get?
langmuir cells
62
small wind =___ internal boundary layer and ____ layer gets thicker
small
| equilibrium
63
what is the Coriolis at the equator
0
64
why is physical oceanography considered a multi-disciplinary science?
base on a lot of numerical data and modeling
65
units for coriolis
newtons
66
what kind of bond is water made of?
covalent bond
67
What is a covalent bond?
electrons are not shared equally
68
is water polar or nonpolar
polar because charge is not spread equally throughout molecule
69
hydrogen bonds from strong ____ forces
intermolecular
70
what are the two sources of sea ice
freezing sea water (sea ice) broken from glaciers (icebergs)
71
what is the role of sea ice in the heat budget
alters heat and momentum transfer
1. high albedo
2. insulates sea
3. dampens wave action
72
why does freezing seawater take longer than freshwater
more heat energy is being removed
73
temperature of the maximum density of freshwater and seawater
freshwater 0ppt: 4 C
| seawater at 35 ppt: -1.91 C
74
as you cool water the ___ decreases and becomes more ___
volume
| dense
75
what the iceberg effect
icebergs significiantly slow down human-induced warming in the s. Hemisphere impacting global winds and rainfall
76
water is ___ times denser than air
1000
77
__ has the highest heat capacity on earth
water
78
water has a specific heat capacity ___ times higher than the specific heat capacity of air
4.23
79
1 calories is ___ joules
4.186
80
how do we measure work
joules
81
what is a joule
energy transferred to an object when 1 newton is applied in the direction of force over 1 meter
82
how do we measure heat energy
calories
83
what is a calorie
energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree c at 1 atmosphere
84
importance of a high heat capacity
prevents extreme ranges in temperature
85
why is having a high latent heat important
important for heat and water transfer in atomsphere
86
ocean has a ___ albedo
low
87
what light travels the furthest and lowest
furthest : blue
| other red light
88
light absorbance is a ___ function of depth
exponential
89
Sound speed __ with increasing pressure, temperature and salinity
increases
90
seawater is ____ and sound speeds are faster in the sea
incompressible
91
speed of sound depends on
compressibility and density of the medium
92
as pressure increases compressibility ___ and sound moves ____
decreases
| faster
93
as temperatures decreases compressibility ___ and sound moves ___
increases
| slower
94
sound waves bend towards depths of ___ speed
slower
95
depth of sofar channel
500 m to 1500 m
96
what does coulombs law describe
oppositely charged objects attract each other
97
____ forces are strong intermolecular forces that allow polar molecules to exist as liquids
dipole/dipole
98
how many hydrogen bonds can one water molecule form?
maximum of four other
99
why does evaporation increase as temperature increases
higher temp = greater kinetic energy. higher the number of kinetic energy to break hydrogen bonds = greater the rate of evaporation
100
what does specific heat mean?
the greater the specific heat the less the temperature will increase for a given input of energy
101
what the the latent heat of melting for ice
80
102
what is the latent heat of vaporizaiton
540
103
what is em radiaton
electromagnetic spectrum
104
what is the main source of e/m radiation
sun
105
what is energy flux
rate of transfer of energy through a surface
106
the amount of energy reflected or refracted depends on what
sun angle
| roughness of sea surface
107
as a water parcel compresses the molecules are crushed together and density ____
increases
108
seawater is dominated by what two chemicals
Na Cl
