Quiz #1 Flashcards
(296 cards)
1
Q
All behavior in ___ ___ (___ ___) is a result of nervous system function.
A
Living systems (except sponges)
2
Q
What is affect brain processes?
A
abstract
3
Q
What is cognition?
A
ability to reason
4
Q
Brain processes underlie not only simple motor business but…
A
high order cognition & affect
5
Q
What are behavioral disorders?
A
results from disturbances of brain.function
6
Q
What did Galen do? (3 things)
A
- 1st person to say the brain is not a potato sack
- Nerves conveyed fluid secreted by the brain and spinal cord to the body’s periphery (2nd century B.C.)
- Heart is not the center of all function
7
Q
What did Luigi Galvani? (1 thing)
A
- 1st person to understand the connection between nerve and muscle cell (electrical currents) (1700s)
8
Q
What did Golgi & Ramón y Cajal do? (1 thing)
A
- characterized nerve cells in the late 1800s as demonstrating that nerve tissue is composed of networks of cells and not syncytia
9
Q
What did Ross Harrison do? (2 things)
A
- father of developmental neuro
2. demonstrated dendritic & axonal growth (growth cone) which led to developing axon to its target cell in the 1920s
10
Q
What did Sanford Palay do? (1 thing)
A
- demonstrated the existence to synapse in the 1950s solidifying the “Neuron Doctrine”
11
Q
What did Müller, Du Bois-Reymond and Von Helmholtz do? (1 thing)
A
- measured the speed of conduction of electrical activity along the axon of a nerve cell (1800s)
12
Q
What did Bernard (France), Ehrlich (Germany) and Langley (England) do? (1 thing)
A
- demonstrated that drugs (chemical component( use receptors in the surface membrane of the cells (1800s)
13
Q
What did René Descartes do? (1 thing)
A
- Brain medicates perception, memory, motor acts, appetites & passions; but the mind mediates higher mental functions and is controlled by the soul, communicating via the pineal gland (1600s)
14
Q
What did Spinoza do? (1 thing)
A
- Developed a unified view of mind-body (1600s) to clarify the “Dualistic View” of the brain function
15
Q
What is the Tabula Rosa view (1700s)?
A
Blank slate theory; individuals are born without built-in mental content & therefore all knowledge comes from experience and perception
16
Q
What did idealists like Kant believe?
A
the view that our perceptions of the world are determined by inherent feature of our mind/brain (1700s)
17
Q
What did Darwin propose?
A
animals could serve as models for human behavior (1800s)
18
Q
Who sparked a merge in psychology & biology int eh 1800s?
A
Franz Jospeh Gall
19
Q
What are the 4 parts of the CNS?
A
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Retina
- Olfactory
20
Q
What are the 5 parts of the PNS?
A
- Cranial Nerves
- Spinal Nerves
- Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
21
Q
Rostral
A
toward frontal lobe
22
Q
Caudal
A
toward occipital lobe
23
Q
Dorsal
A
top
24
Q
Ventral
A
bottom
25
What is the most rostral component of the CNS?
Spinal Cord
26
Spinal Cord Function
Receives & processes information from skin, joints and muscles of the limbs/trunk, responsible for voluntary & reflexive movement
27
Spinal Cord Parts
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
28
Spinal Cord Location
attaches to brain stem
29
Medulla Oblongata Location
rostral to spinal cord
30
Medulla Oblongata Function
responsible for autonomic functions (digestion, breathing & heart rate)
31
Pons Location
rostral to medulla oblongata
32
Pons Function
movement from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum
33
Midbrain Location
rostral to the pons
34
Midbrain Function
eye movement, coordination & auditory reflexes
35
Cerebellum Location
Caudal the pons & connected to the brainstem at the peduncles
36
Cerebellum Function
Modulates forces and range of motion is involved in the learning of motor skills
37
Diencephalon Location
rostral to the midbrain
38
Diencephalon Parts
Thalamus & Hypothalamus
39
Thalamus Function
processes most information that reaches cerebral cortex
40
Hypothalamus Function
regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral functions
41
Cerebrum Parts
1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
42
Cerebrum --> 3-Deep Seated Structure
1. Basal Ganglia
2. Hippocampus
3. Amygdaloid Nuclei
43
Neuromuscular function causes...
muscular contraction
44
Spinal Cord varies in size and is ___ in levels of the arms & legs
thicker
45
What is the Dorsal Horn?
order arrangement of sensory relay neurons that receive inout from periphery
46
What is the Ventral Horn?
regulate motor neuron firing patterns axon of motor neurons innervate specific muscles
47
What is white matter?
contains longitudinal ascending and descending tracks of myelinated axons rostral to caudal
48
Ascendaing pathways
to the brain
49
Descending pathways
brain --> muscle
50
How many spinal nerve bundles are there?
31
51
What does the sensory component do?
muscles --> spinal cord (pain, temperature, touch and visual sensory information)
52
What does the motor component do?
composed of axons of sympathetic & parasympathetic neurons
53
What is the most caudal portion of the brain stem?
medulla
54
What is the pontine nuclei?
Groups of neurons that relay information about movement and sensation from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum (ventral portion)
55
What does the dorsal portion of the pons do?
contains structures that involve in respiration, taste and sleep
56
What is the substantial nigra?
1. input to basal ganglia regarding voluntary movement
2. pathways to extra ocular muscles (eye movement)
3. auditory & visual function
57
How many total cranial nerves are there?
12
58
What separates the cerebellum & pons?
separated into lobes by fissures
59
The superchiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates...
circadian rhythms & cyclical behaviors (daily light/dark cycle)
60
Amygdala Function
expression of emotion
61
Hippocampus Function
memory formation
62
Basal Ganglia Function
control of movement & aspects of motor learning
63
The Hippocampal Formation includes
hippocampus, dentate gyrus & subiculum
64
What are the 5 functional subcomponents of basal ganglia?
1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. Globus pallidus
4. Subthalamic Nucleus
5. Substantia Nigra
65
Function of Cingulate Gyrus
emotion & cognition
66
Function of Insular Cortex
emotion & reg. of homeostasis
67
Location of Cingulate Gyrus
surrounds dorsal surface of corpus callousum
68
Location of Insular Cortex
buried within lateral sulcus
69
Forebrain contains...
diencephalon & cerebrum
70
Midbrain contains...
incl. colliculi & substantia nigra
71
Hindbrain contains...
medulla oblongata, pons & cerebellum
72
Parts of a Discrete Nervous System
1. 5 senses
2. different movement classes (eyes, arms & hand)
3. Language
73
Output of a ___ ___ is rarely the same input
Synaptic Relay
74
Inputs from peripheral ___ ___ are arranged ___ throughout successive processing stages
receptie surfaces; topographically
75
The lateral sulcus (___ ___)separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parental lobe
Sylvian Fissure
76
What separates the frontal and parental lobes?
Central Sulcus
77
What permits high-density packing neurons?
Convoluted/folding features
78
Does cortex thickness vary across species?
No
79
What increases dramatically causing humans to have a greater capacity for information processing?
Surface area
80
Primary visual cortex is ___ the occipital lobe
caudal
81
Primary visual cortex is associated with...
calcimine sulcus
82
Primary auditory cortex is associated with..
Heschl's gyro on lateral sulcus
83
Primary somatosensory cortex is ___ to central sulcus
caudal
84
Cells in the primary motor cortex influence ____ ____ of spinal cord which determines movement
ventral horn
85
Brodmann's division improved neurobiology how?
closed gap between phrenologists & neurologists
86
Most CNS pathways are ___ ___ and cross-over to opposite side of the brain or spinal cord
bilaterally symmetrical
87
What are decussations?
Contralateral relays of 2nd order fibers in brainstem & spinal cord
88
What does the PNS supply?
Supplies CNS with continuous stream of information about internal & external environment
89
Sensory neuron cell bodies lie in the ___ ___ ___ & ___ ___
dorsal root ganglia & cranial ganglia
90
ANS mediates visceral sensation & motor control of
viscera, vascular system & exocrine
91
What does the ANS consist of? (3 things)
1. Sympathetic System
2. Parasympathetic System
3. Enteric System
92
SS
physical response to stress
93
PS
involved in homeostasis & resource conservation
94
ES
controls smooth muscle in the gut (neurons located adjacent to viscera)
95
Cranial Nerve 1
olfactory nerve
96
Cranial Nerve 2
optic nerve
97
Cranial Nerve 3
Oculomotor nerve
98
Cranial Nerve 4
Trochlear nerve
99
Cranial Nerve 5
Trigeminal nerve
100
Cranial Nerve 6
Abducens nerve
101
Cranial Nerve 7
Facial nerve
102
Cranial Nerve 8
auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve
103
Cranial Nerve 9
glossopharyngeal nerve
104
Cranial Nerve 10
vagus nerve
105
Cranial Nerve 11
Spinal accessory nerve
106
Cranial Nerve 12
hypoglossal nerve
107
CNS Functional Divisions
1. Brain
| 2. Spinal Cord
108
PNS Functional Divisions
1. Somatic
| 2. Autonomic (Sympathetic, Parasympathetic & Enteric System)
109
6 Layers of Neocortex
1. Molecular
2. External Granule
3. External Pyramdial
4. Internal Granule
5. Internal Pyramidal
6. Multiform
My Energetic Elephant Ignited Impossible Multimedia
110
What is the input of the neocortex?
thalamus
111
Molecular Layer (Layer 1)
dendrites in deep layers & axons that travel to layers connecting areas to cortex
112
External Granule Layer (Layer 2)
contains small spherical & pyramidal neurons that project to same cortical areas and other cortical areas (intracortical communication)
113
External Pyramidal (Layer 3)
larger & deeper pyramidal neurons involved in intracortical communication
114
What are apical dendrites?
layers 1-3 contain apical dendrites of layer 2, 3, 5 & 6
115
Internal Granule (Layer 4)
- spherical cells
- function: primary recipient of sensory input from thalamus
- neuron density varaitaions
116
Internal Pyramidal (Layer 5)
- large pyramidal shaped cells
| - major output to cortex projects (cortical areas & subcortical structures)
117
Multiform Layer (Layer 6)
- heterogenous blending into white matter tray forms deep limit of cortex
- carries axons to and from cortex
118
What are basal dendrites?
layers 5 & 6 that contain b. dendrites from layers 3, 4, 5, & 6
119
Association Connections
Layers 2 & 3
120
Subcortical Projections
Layers 5 & 6
121
What do cortical neurons depend on?
location of dendrite & cell body of neuron
122
What are neuron columns?
fundamental computational module (similar response properties & composing processing network)
123
What are the 2 types of neurons?
1. principial neurons (projection)
| 2. Local interneurons
124
Principal Neurons
pyramidal cells of 3, 5, & 6 --> convey info. to next synaptic relay
125
Local Interneurons
axons in same area as cell bodies that receive input from same source of principal cells
126
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
afferent fibers that terminate layer 4
127
Parvocellular Layers (P)
terminate layer 4C beta with minor inputs to 4A & Layer 1
128
Magnocellular Layers (M)
- terminate layer 4C alpha & layer 6
| - collaterals of both cell types
129
Intralaminar Regions (I)
terminate blob region of layer 2 & 3
130
What are the two types of neurons of the primary visual cortex?
spiny satellite & pyramidal cells (excitatory)
131
Smooth stellate cells are ___
inhibitory
132
What type of neurons are stellate cells?
local neurons
133
4C Sublayer Input
M & P cells on spiny stellate (project to 4B and upper layer 2 & 3)
134
What are the intralaminar zones?
Layers 2 & 3
135
Intracortical connections of Layers 2 & 3
connect to layer 5 (also 2, 3, & 6) then axon collaterals of 6 loop back to layer 4C onto smooth stellate cells
136
What is the output exception?
4C
137
Extra-striate visual cortex areas
2, 3 & 4B
138
Output of Layer 5
superior colliculus, pons & pulvinar
139
Output of Layer 6
lateral geniculate nucleus & claustrum
140
5 basic features of NS
1. structural components of nerve cells
2. neurons producing signals
3. connections of neuron-neuron, neuron-muscle & neuron-gland systems
4. interconnections dictate behavior
5. neurons modified by experience
141
What are the two main classes of brain cells?
1. Glia (support)
| 2. neurons (signaling)
142
What depicts different actions in nerve cells?
nature of neuroconnections
143
How many different types of neurons?
10^11 into 10^3 types
144
How many different types of glia?
10^12 (10 to 50 times more glia)
145
What are the functions of Glia? (8)
1. Support & structure
2. Insulation
3. Produce myelin sheaths for axons (oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells)
4. Scavengers
5. housekeepers
6. development
7. regulation of NMJ for presynaptic terminals
8. Brain-Blood Barrier (astrocytes provide impermeable lining to prevent toxicity)
146
CNS Neuroglia (4)
1. Ependymal Cells
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Astrocytes
4. Microglia
147
PNS Neuroglia (2)
1. Satellite Cells
| 2. Schwann Cells
148
What are the two types of glia?
1. Microglia
| 2. Macroglia
149
What are microglia?
phagocytes that mobilize injury, infection or disease
150
What are microglia?
physiologically & embryologically unrelated to NS cells
151
When are microglia activated?
during infection, injury or seizure
152
Microglia may serve as ___ ____ ____ cell in the CNS
major antigen presenting
153
What disease are microglia believed to be involved in ?
1. MS
2. AIDS related dementia
3. Neurodegenerative (Parkinson's & Alzheimers)
154
What are the three classes of microglia?
1. oligodendrocytes
2. Schwann cells
3. astrocytes
155
Oligodendrocytes
small cells with few processes that insulate axons of CNS & envelop 15 axonal internodes each
156
Schwann Cells
small cells with few processes that insulate axons of PNS
157
Astrocytes
not much known
158
What are the 4 parts of neurons?
1. Cell Body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon (also Axon Hillock)
4. Pre-Synaptic Terminals
159
What does the cell body include?
nucleus, ER, Golgi and more
160
Function of Cell body
produce proteins & mediate general cell processes
161
What are dendrites?
branch out with rich NT receptors (main signal receivers)
162
What is the axon?
- tubular processes 0.2-2.0 micrometers diameter & 0.1 mm-2.0, in length
- structure along AP @ speed of 1-100 m/s
163
What is the pre-synaptic terminal?
-end of axon where NT is released into synaptic cleft
164
3 types of Multipolar Neuron
1. Motor Neuron
2. Pyramidal Neuron
3. Purkinje Cells
165
2 Types of Bipolar Neurons
1. Retinal Neuron
| 2. Olfactory Neuron
166
Unipolar Neuron
Touch & Pain sensory neuron (knee-jerk reflex)
167
Anaxonic Neuron
Amacrine Cell
168
Sensory Neurons can be subdivided into two functional groups which are...
1. Mono-stratified
| 2. Bi-stratified
169
Divergence
signal comes in through one and develops into many different signals
170
Convergence
multiple signals come in and come together to one signal
171
Which type of neuron does not have a conductive component?
Local Interneuron
172
Regions of Electrical & Integral components (4)
1. Input
2. Integrative
3. Conductive
4. Output
173
6 Mono-stratified Functions
1. Midget
2. Parasol
3. Large Sparse
4. Giant Sparse
5. Broad Thorny
6. Narrow Thorny
174
2 Bi-stratified Functions
1. Small
| 2. Large
175
If the optic nerve (II) or olfactory tract is interrupted, will it regenerate?
No, it will not regenerate.
176
What lies directly above the tentorium?
occipital lobe
177
Function of tentorium (3)
- covers cerebellum
- supoorts occipital lobe
- hard structure
178
What brainstem region lies or sits in the tentorial notch (incisure)?
Midbrain
179
What is the name of the sensory ganglion that is located in the temporal bone where the arrow is pointing?
Geniculate Ganglion
180
What are the major structural differences between dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and autonomic ganglia?
The DRG contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons whereas the sympathetic ganglia contain the synaptic junctions between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
181
What cells form the myelin sheaths around the axons in CN II(2) and VIII (8)?
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, respectively.
182
What vessels serve the primary somatosensory cortex?
Anterior & Middle Cerebral Cortex
183
What vessel supplies this gyrus?
Anterior
184
Sudden occlusion of which artery, near its origin, will produce the most devastating effects?
Middle Cerebral Artery & Dominant Hemisphere
185
What vessels serve areas involved in speech in the majority of people?
Left middle cerebral artery
186
What vessel supplies the primary auditory cortex?
Middle Cerebral artery
187
If the cerebral artery were occluded, the result would be:
primary visual cortex
188
A general principle of cortical organization is that sensory information and motor control for each half of the body are on the opposite side of the brain. Occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery, as occurred here, will likely result in:
decreased sensation and motor control of left arm and hand
189
Obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct would result in dilation of which of the following?
lateral & third ventricles
190
```
What does not border the third ventricle?
A. Thalamus
B. Hypothalamus
C. 4th ventricle
D. Inter-ventricular foramen
E. Aqueduct
```
C. 4th ventricle
191
Does the cortex have uniform thickness?
No
192
The corpus callous is usually considered a...
commissure
193
What transfers CSF from the subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses (venous system)?
arachnoid granulations
194
What does the ventricular system represent?
Neural canal
195
CSF is produced by
choroid plexus cells
196
The cerebral cortex is a sheet of gray matter that covers white matter. What does the white matter represent?
axons and glial cells
197
What happens if the arachnoid granulations do not function?
Increased pressure will eventually affect brain stem areas for consciousness and reflex centers for respiration and cardiac control (medulla).
198
Which region of the brain is associated with the 4th ventricle?
rhombencephalon. ..
- pons
- medulla
- cerebellum
199
White matter is a collection of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that conduct signals from one area of gray matter to another. What cell bodies can be recognized in white matter?
Cell bodies of glial cells
200
The spinal nerves consist of ventral and dorsal roots. Where are the cell bodies of the axons in each root?
Ventral root cell bodies are in the gray matter of the spinal cord and dorsal root cell bodies are in ganglia.
201
The spinal pia forms collagenous ligaments that anchor it to the dura. These are the denticulate ligaments. What is their spatial relationship to the dorsal and ventral roots?
The denticulate ligaments attach between the exits and entrances of the ventral and dorsal roots forming each spinal nerve.
202
What cord segments comprise the conus medullaris, and what do they innervate?
The conus consists of lower sacral and a small coccygeal segment that innervates the perineum.
203
What does the cauda equina (Latin for horse's tail) represent?
Both dorsal and ventral roots within the subarachnoid space below the conus medullaris.
204
If it were necessary, as it sometimes is, to insert a needle into the subarachnoid space to sample CSF, where is a relatively safe point for needle insertion?
between L3 & L4
205
Why is the cervical and lumbar region of spinal cord larger?
increased number of axons and cell bodies to innervate skin and muscles
206
Nucleus XII: where do its axons terminate?
On the genioglossus and other muscles of the tongue.
207
What is the source of the preganglionic parasympathetic axons traveling with this cranial nerve?
superior salivatory nucleus
208
Our facial and pharyngeal muscles are derived from the muscles of the embryonic gill arches. Are there any other examples?
Yes, the cricothyroid, muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, stapedius and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are also branchiomeric.
209
The abducens nucleus innervates
striated muscle for lateral gaze
210
What is a dermatome?
The area of skin innervated by a dorsal root ganglion.
211
Regarding Lissauer's poorly myelinated tract synapse...
It consists of first order sensory axons with ascending and descending branches which run longitudinally for 1 to 3 segments.
212
What two structures form the spinoreticular tract, corticospinal tract and the ventral spinocerebellar?
Second order spinothalamic tract (anterolateral system) axons and local interneurons
213
In the medulla, where is the anterolateral system located with respect to the nucleus ambiguus?
It is lateral to the nucleus ambiguus.
214
Is the cuneate fasciculus is located at this level of the spinal cord?
No, is found near the sacrum
215
The dorsal columns are organized...
With medial fibers representing sacral regions and lateral fibers cervical regions.
216
A patient complains of numbness of the fingers which progresses to loss of temperature sensation bilatterally. This condition results from:
Interruption of anterior white commissure
217
Ipsilateral
same side
218
Contralateral
opposite side
219
Sensory dissociation is the loss of pain and temperature with sparing of vibration, joint position, and fine touch. By knowing the location of the two pathways that carry the information, and knowing where the second order axons cross, you conclude that this will most likely occur at which level:
Medulla
220
Unilateral obstruction of the deep thalamic perforating vessels would result in:
Loss of all somatic sensation contra-laterally
221
How do axons from this nucleus reach the postcentral gyrus?
Internal capsule
222
If the postrema was selectively destroyed on both sides, could vomiting be induced by either pharyngeal tickling or gastric distress?
Yes
223
A person with a lesion of the IX and X nerve, between the brain stem and the ganglion, would have difficulty with which of the following?
swallowing
224
To what cortical region does this nucleus of the thalamus project?
post central gyrus
225
Transverse temporal lobe sends signals to...
primary auditory cortex
226
Where are the cell bodies located for the axons that innervate the taste buds on the posterior third of the tongue?
Petrosal or inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion
227
What other cranial nerve is most likely to be affected if a tumor of nerve VIII produced pressure in the cerebellopontine angle?
Nerve V
228
Where are the cell bodies located for the axons that form the descending tract of V ?
Trigeminal ganglion
229
If a growth in the Nerve V region produces sufficient pressure on the middle cerebellar peduncle to cause degeneration of the incoming axons, which of the following will occur?
Loss of facial sensation, sensation from part of the tongue & corneal reflex
230
A person with a left facial paralysis who is also deaf in the left ear is tested for his corneal reflex.
Stimulation of left cornea produces a consensual but not a direct reflex.
231
What nerves innervate taste bud receptors?
Nerve VII, IX and X
232
The contraction of thoracic and abdominal striated muscles involved in vomiting depends on the stimulation of ventral horn cells at the appropriate spinal cord levels. How are these connected with the nucleus solitarius?
Through the reticular formation and reticulospinal tracts.
233
This ganglion is a homologue of what structure associated with the spinal cord?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
234
The sensory division of the trigeminal nerve innervates all of the following structures EXCEPT...
A. Skin over the angle of the jaw.
B. Cornea.
C. The dura.
D. Pain receptors of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
E. Sinuses in the skull.
A. Skin over the angle of the jaw.
235
Which of the following is a sensory relay nucleus of the thalamus?
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
236
What is the efferent arm of the gag reflex?
X
237
The central retinal artery is a branch of the
Ophthalmic Artery
238
What part of the ventricular system is closest to the optic radiations?
Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle
239
What is the difference between the optic nerve and tract?
Optic tract - both ipsilateral and contralateral axons
| Optic nerve - ipsilateral axons
240
The receptors of the utricle, saccule and semicircular canals, shown here, are examples of?
Mechanoreceptors
241
What does the macula do?
signals orientation with respect
242
In the absence of bilateral vestibular function, orientation of the body in space is possible due to:
Visual & Dorsal column input
243
Which of the following is the lowest level at which "BINAURAL" input to the same neuron occurs?
Superior Olivary Nuclei
244
Cranial nerves VII and VIII pass through the
Internal auditory meatus
245
Branches of which cerebral artery vascularize the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, and the angular gyrus?
Middle Cerebral
246
Where is the dorsal root ganglion of the auditory portion of VIII ?
Bony spiral lamina
247
True or False:
| These cells, whose axons terminate directly on skeletal muscle fibers are also known as 'lower motor neurons.'
True
248
A lesion placed in which the following would have the most devastating clinical effects to the patient?
A. The precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
B. The anterior limb of the internal capsule.
C. The posterior limb of the internal capsule.
D. The anterolateral system.
E. The postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
C. The posterior limb of the internal capsule.
249
Cortical afferents in the internal capsule have their cell bodies located in:
thalamic nuclei
250
What types of sensory endings, other than muscle spindles, convey information to the cerebellum via spinal cord tracts?
Golgi tendon organs & mechanoreceptors
251
What attaches the cerebellum to the brain stem?
cerebellar peduncles
252
What is ataxia?
Error in the rate, force, and direction of movement.
253
True or False:
| The dorsal spinocerebellar tract is contralateral to its cell bodies.
False
254
What is the order of the nuclei in the pons?
Cortex-->internal capsule-->cerebral peduncle
255
What is the vascular supply of the pons?
Basilar artery
256
What is the orientation of the Purkinje cell dendrites with respect to the granule cell axons?
perpendicular
257
True or False:
| The right cerebral cortex affects the function of the right cerebellar cortex.
False, its contralateral!
258
True or False:
| The clinical signs of cerebellar hemisphere disease generally occur on the same side as the lesion.
True
259
Occlusion of PICA has compromised the lateral medulla. What happens?
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature from the face.
260
Thalamic lesions are used to alleviate Parkinson's disease in cases that are refractory to L-dopa. What thalamic nucleus is the stereotaxic target for the neurosurgeons?
Ventral Lateral (premotor & suppl. motor regions)
261
The majority of hypertensive hemorrhages occur in the basal ganglia. Rupture of branches of which artery are most common?
Lenticulostriate or lateral striate
262
What is lacking the brain of one who has Parkinson's disease?
loss of cells in the caudate and putamen
263
A patient with a resting tremor in the right hand is killed in a traffic accident and is autopsied. The neuropathology report states there is a loss of cells in:
left substantial nigra
264
Pallidothalamic axons cross the
posterior limb of the internal capsule
265
```
The third ventricle is surrounded by the following structures with the EXCEPTION of:
A. Anterior commissure.
B. Fornix.
C. Posterior Commissure.
D. Choroid plexus.
E. Optic tract.
```
Optic Tract
266
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located in
Intermediate or lateral horn (T1-L2)
267
What influence autonomic activity?
direct & indirect pathways
268
What are the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?
1. contains hormones packaged as granules
2. results in diabetes insidious when served
3. is involved in the milk letdown reflex
4. transmits nerve impulses that result in hormonal release
269
What is the tuberoinfundibular tract?
A tract carrying releasing hormones.
270
The capillaries in the median eminence...
simple fenestrated capillaries
271
True or False:
| Releasing hormones have a longer half-life than do ADH and Oxytocin.
False
272
The medial forebrain bundle in the lateral hypothalamus...
Is a group of axons connecting the limbic system, reticular formation, and hypothalamus.
273
What does the thalamic nucleus project to?
cingulate cortex
274
Where does the thalamus nucleus receive input from?
hypothalamus
275
The hippocampus receives direct input from...
Parahippocampal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, septalnuclei and hypothalamus
276
What does the hippocampus terminate in? (3)
1. Septal nuclei
2. anterior nucleus of the thalamus
3. mammillary bodies
277
The "fila" of the olfactory system are:
Bundles of small axons that pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
278
The amygdala is immediately ___ and ___ to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.
medial; rostral
279
The major structural difference between the somatosensory and olfactory systems is
olfactory system does not relay in the thalamus
280
What is the major thalamic source of afferents to this gyrus?
Anterior thalamic nuclei
281
Axons of hippocampal pyramidal cells travel in the
Fornix
282
The thickened portion of the septum pellucidum represents
septal nuclei
283
Olfactory receptors are located in
Nasal Mucosa
284
One of the reasons we know tht the olfactory tract is part of the CNS is because
It is part of the central nervous system in terms of embryological origin.
285
Olfactory information reaches the temporal lobe via
The lateral olfactory stria.
286
Small collateral branches of this artery supply what area of the brainstem?
pons
287
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Which of the following is not part of the limbic system?
A. Mammillary bodies
B. Fornix
C. Putamen
D. Hippocampus
```
C. Putamen
288
The superior colliculus is the structure within the
midbrain
289
What are the brain and spinal cord wrapped in?
meninges
290
Function of Caudate Nucleus
Motor control
291
What is the most common type of neuron?
multipolar
292
The ventral roots of the spinal cord carry
motor information to muscles
293
Basal ganglia do...
motor control
294
The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal parietal lobes by the ___ fissure.
Sylvian
295
What does the neuron doctrine state?
neurons are contiguous with one another
296
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by
corpus callosum
