Quiz 1

Question 1

What breeding system form a zygote?

Answer 1

Sexual breeding system

Question 2

What plants have both male and female parts on the same plants?

Answer 2

Monoecious

Question 3

What are dioecious plants?

Answer 3

Male and female parts are on separate individuals

Question 4

What are hermaphroditics plants?

Answer 4

Both male and female parts are on the same flower.

Question 5

What breeding system do not involve fusion of male and female gametes?

Answer 5

Asexual

Question 6

Is the multicellular sporophyte generation haploid or diploid?

Answer 6

Diploid. It occurs soon after fertilization.

Question 7

Is the muticellular gametophyte generation haploid or diploid?

Answer 7

Haploid. It occurs soon after meiosis.

Question 8

What are the parts in a complete flower?

Answer 8

Sepals, petals, stamen (anther and filament) and pistil (stigma, style and ovary).

Question 9

What is a perfect flower?

Answer 9

When stamen and pistil are in the same floral structure (bisexual).

Question 10

Fusion of the female and male gametes is the definition of:

a) Pollination
b) Fertilization

Answer 10

b) Fertilization

Question 11

What is segregation?

Answer 11

New allele combinations. Can happen during sexual reproduction.

Question 12

What is recombination?

Answer 12

New gene combinations. Can happen during sexual reproduction.

Question 13

Those characteristics belong to what type of pollination?

1. Flowers may not open.
2. Pollen grains shed before the flowers open.
3. Stigma and stamens may be hidden by the floral organs after the flowers open.
4. Stigma may elongate through a staminal column shortly after the anthers open.

Answer 13

Self-pollinated crops.

Question 14

Associate the type of asexual reproduction with its definition.

1. Tissue Culture Propagation
2. Apomixis
3. Vegetative Propagation
   a. New plants produced from leaves or stems that form roots
   b. Whole plants produced from a group of cells
   c. Embryo development. from an unfertilized egg. No gamete fusion occurs.

Answer 14

1-b: Tissue Culture Propagation can result in whole plants produced from a group of cells.
2-c: Apomixis results in embryo development from an unfertilized egg. No gamete fusion occurs.
3-a: Vegetative propagation can result in new plants produced from leaves or stems that form roots.

Question 15

True or False?

Vegetative propagation can only occur artificially.

Answer 15

False.

This can occur naturally (fragmentation) or artificially (cuttings).

Question 16

What is the definition of male sterility?

Answer 16

When pollen is absent or nonfunctional.

Question 17

What is the fertility regulating mechanism when plants with functional male and female gametes are unable to produce a zygote after self-pollination?

Answer 17

Self-incompatibility

Question 18

What is heteromorphic SI?

Answer 18

When the flowers are perfect (stamen and pistil on the same floral structure) but morphologically different, and that the male and female gametes are functional but unable to produce a zygote after self-pollination.

Question 19

What is homomorphic SI?

Answer 19

When all flowers have exactly the same structure, and that the male and female gametes are functional but unable to produce a zygote after self-pollination. Avoidance of self-fertilization depends on genetic/biochemical mechanisms.

Question 20

What is the name of a form of heteromorphic SI in which stamens and pistils vary in lenght?

Answer 20

Heterostyly

Question 21

In heterostyly (heteromorphic SI), associate
1. Thrum
2. Pin
A. Flowers have long stamens and short pistils
B. Flowers have short stamens and long pistils.

Answer 21

1-a. Thrum flowers have LONG STAMENS and short pistils.

2-b. Pin flowers have short stamens and LONG PISTILS.

Question 22

What are the 2 types of homomorphic SI?

Answer 22

1. Sporophytic SI (SSI)

2. Gametophytic SI (GSI)

Question 23

True or False?

In SSI, outcome depends on the genotype of the plant producing pollen.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or False?
Pollen will not germinate on stigma of a flower that contains either of the two alleles in the sporophyte parent that produced the pollen in SSI.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

The letters SSI stand for what words?

Answer 25

Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility.

Question 26

In GSI, the outcome depends on what genotype?

Answer 26

GSI outcome depends on the genotype of the POLLEN.

Question 27

Which self-incompatibility mechanism is more common between SSI or GSI?

Answer 27

GSI

Question 28

True or False? | Only the compatible pollen will germinate and grow into style in GSI.

Answer 28

``` False. All pollen (incompatible and compatible) will germinate and grow into style. However, growth of incompatible pollen tubes will be arrested by a RNase. ```

Question 29

Name 2 plants that use GSI.

Answer 29

Cherry and petunia.

Question 30

Associate the 3 basic kinds of male sterility with their description. 1. Induced male sterility. 2. Functional male sterility. 3. True male sterility. a. Plant breeders may use chemicals to induce sterility. b. Unisexual flowers lack male sex organs OR bisexual flowers have abnormal or non-functional microspores (pollen abortion) c. The anthers fail to release pollen (but it's fertile)

Answer 30

1-a. Induced male sterility: Plants breeders use chemicals. 2-c. Functional male sterility: the anthers fail to release pollen, but the pollen is fertile. 3-b. True male sterility: unisexual flowers lack male sex organs OR bisexual flowers with abnormal or non-functional microspores (no pollen or infertile pollen).

Question 31

True or False? | Flowers on male-sterile plant cannot be cross-pollinated.

Answer 31

False. | Flowers on male-sterile plant can be cross-pollinated using pollen from a male fertile plant.

Question 32

Where are the genes that govern the cytoplasmic male sterility?

Answer 32

In the mitochondrial genome

Question 33

Associate the type of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) with its definition. 1. Alloplasmic 2. Autoplasmic a. CMS has arisen within a species as a result of mutational changes in cytoplasm (most likely in the mitochondrial genome) b. CMS has arisen from intergeneric, interspecific or intraspecific crosses.

Answer 33

1-b. Alloplasmic: CMS has arisen from intergeneric, interspecific or intraspecific crosses. 2-a. Autoplasmic: CMS has arisen within a species as a result of mutational changes in cytoplasm (most likely in the mitochondrial genome)

Question 34

When the genes controlling male sterility are in one of the cytoplasmic genomes, will the sterility be inherited maternally or paternally?

Answer 34

Maternally

Question 35

What is the name of the phenomen where there is a sterile cytoplasm but there is a nuclear gene for restoring fertility ?

Answer 35

Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS)

Question 36

What are the 3 types of biochemicals to produce male sterile plants?

Answer 36

1. Feminizing hormones 2. Inhibitors of anther or pollen développement 3. Inhibitors of pollen fertility.

Question 37

What is the name of the study of pollen

Answer 37

Palynology

Question 38

True or false? | A young pollen grain is diploid.

Answer 38

False. | A young pollen grain is haploid.

Question 39

What is pollen viability?

Answer 39

It refers to the ability of pollen grain to GERMINATE and PRODUCE male gametes.

Question 40

What do you use as a reagents for pollen viability?

Answer 40

2% Potassium Iodide

Question 41

What do you use as a reagents to observe pollen germination?

Answer 41

Pollen germination medium PGM