Quiz 1 CH 1 & 2, Reading Primary Literature, Lecture Notes pg. 1-10 Flashcards
(40 cards)
Life’s Hierarchical Order
Biosphere–>Ecosystems–>Communities–>Populations–>Organisms–>Organ Systems–>Organs–>Tissues–>Cells–>Molecules–>Atoms–>Subatomic Particles
Prokaryotic Cells
most have no membrane bound organelles and generally smaller than eukaryotes
Two Types: Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic Cells
have membrane bound organelles
emergent properties
properties that emerge as a result of arrangement and interaction of components
*each level of biological organization has emergent properties
Systems Biology
a way of understanding emergent properties…
the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts
EX: a single leaf can be considered a system, as can a frog, an ant colony, or a desert ecosystem
The Cell Theory
All organisms are made of cells and all cells are made of pre-existing cells
genes
- units of inheritance transmitted from parents to offspring
- encode the info. necessary to build all of the molecules synthesized within a cell, which in turn establish that cell’s identity and function
DNA
double helix strand of genetic material contained in chromosomes
nucleotides
chemical building blocks that make up the double-helix DNA strands
abbreviated A,T,G,C
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
gene expression
the entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
genome
the entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
bioinformatics
the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput technology methods
feedback regulation
the product of a process regulates that very process
negative feedback
a loop in which the the response reduces the initial stimulus
(ex. insulin: When you eat, blood glucose levels are high which stimulates the cells in the pancreas secrete insulin to your blood, then the insulin circulates through your body where the insulin binds to body cells, causing them to take up glucose and liver cells to store glucose. This lowers glucose levels which stops the secretion of insulin)
positive feedback
an end product speeds up its reaction
(Ex: the clotting of your blood in response to an injury is an Ex. When a blood vessel is damaged, structures in the blood called platelets begin to aggregate at the site. Pos. Feedback occurs as chemicals released by the platelets attract more platelets. The platelet pileup then initiates a complex process that seals the wound with a clot.)
evolution
the concept that the organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of a common ancestor
species names
the first part is the name of the genus for which the species belongs and the second part is unique to the species within the genus (Ex: Homo sapiens is the name of our species)
Three Domains of Organisms
Bacteria, Archaea, (prokaryotic) and Eukarya (eukaryotic)
What are the 4 subgroups of Eukarya
- kingdom Plantae
- kingdom Fungi
- kingdom Animalia (humans)
- protists
Darwin’s “The Origin Of Species” Book articulated which two main points
- “descent with modification” (contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors that differed from them)
- “natural selection” is a primary cause of descent with modification
atomic number
number of protons in an atom and subsequently the number of electrons in that same atom
atomic mass
total mass of an atom (slightly different from the mass number)
mass number
total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom combined
isotope
different atomic forms of the same element
- all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass
i. e. an isotope of the element
