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Nurs. 304 > Quiz 1; Ch. 27 > Flashcards

Quiz 1; Ch. 27 Flashcards

0
Q

An infection occurs as a result of a cyclic process, consisting of six components, what are these components?

A 
Infectious agent 
reservoir 
Portal of exit 
Means of transmission
Portals of entry
Susceptible host
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1
Q

What Is an infection?

A

An infection is a disease state that results from the presence of pathogens in or on the body

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2
Q

What are the most prevalent agents that cause infection?

A

Bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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3
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

They are categorized by shape as spherical (cocci), Rod shaped (bacilli), or corkscrew shape (spirochete) Bacteria can be categorized as either gram-positive or gram-negative.

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4
Q

Explain the Gram stain

A

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall that resists colorization and are stained Violet. However, gram-negative bacteria chemically more complex cell walls and can be decolorize by alcohol. Thus, gram-negative bacteria do not stain. This information is crucial for physicians prescribing the most appropriate antibiotic therapy because antibiotics are classified as specifically effective against only gram positive organisms.

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5
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is the smallest of all microorganisms, visible only with electron microscope.

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6
Q

Can you treat a virus with antibiotics?

A

No, Antibiotics have no effect on viruses

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7
Q

An organisms potential to produce disease in a person depends on a Variety of factors, including..

A

Number of organisms
Virulence of the organism, or ability to cause disease
Competence of the persons immune system
Length and intimacy of the contact between the person and the microorganism

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8
Q

What does it mean if a disease is endemic?

A

A disease that is endemic or occurs with predictability in one specific region of population can appear in a different geographical location

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9
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

A reservoir for growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism.

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10
Q

What are some examples of reservoirs?

A

People, animals, soil, food, water, milk, inanimate objects.

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11
Q

Portals of entry/exit

A

The entry route into the new host is often the same as the exit route from the prior reservoir. The urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts and the skin are common portals of entry/exit

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12
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A
  1. Incubation period.
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Full stage of illness
  4. Convalescent period
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13
Q

What is a vector?

A

A vector is a mosquito, tick, lice, and nonhuman carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another

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14
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The incubation period is the interval between the pathogens invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection. During this stage, the organisms are growing and multiplying.

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15
Q

What s the prodromal stage?

A

A person is most infectious during the prodromal stage. Early signs and symptoms of the disease are present, but these are often vague and nonspecific, ranging from fatigue to malaise to a low-grade fever. This period lasts several hours to several days. During this phase the patient often doesnt realize that he or she is contagious.

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16
Q

What is full stage of illness?

A

The presence of specific signs and symptoms indicate the full stage of illness the type of infection determine the length of illness severity of the manifestation.

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17
Q

What is the convalescent period?

A

The convalescent period is the recovery period from the infection

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18
Q

What is one of the body first lines of defense against infection?

A

Normal flora

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19
Q

What is asepsis?

A

Practice of asepsis includes all activities to present to prevent infection or break the chain of infection. The nurses use aseptic techniques to halt the spread of microorganisms and minimize the threat of infection. There are 2 asepsis categories, medically sepsis and surgical asepsis.

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20
Q

Medical asepsis Vs. surgical asepsis

A

Medical asepsis, or clean technique, Involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogen.

Surgical asepsis, or sterile technique, Includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms. Surgical asepsis procedures could include inserting an indwelling urinary catheter

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21
Q

What are the two types of bacteria flora normally found in the hands?

A

Transient and resident bacteria

Transient bacteria are usually easily removed by thorough handwashing, they have the potential to adjust to the environment Of the skin when they are present in large numbers and over a long period And can become resident bacteria.

22
Q

What does nosocomial mean?

A

The term nosocomial is used specifically to indicate something originating or taking place in a hospital. The source of the infection may be either exogenous or endogenous.

23
Q

Most healthcare associated infections are caused by bacteria, such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and klebsiella species. Many of these HAIs can be traced to what?

A

An invasive device such as a catheter

Urinary tract infections account for 32% of HAIs annually followed by surgical site infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections

24
Q

What is the difference between disinfection and sterilization?

A

Disinfection destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores, sterilization destroys all micro organisms, including spores.

28
Q

Efforts by healthcare facilities to reduce the incidence of HAI include an awareness of which of the following?

A

Joint commission considers death or serious injury from HAI a sentinel event

51
Q

What are the smallest infectious agents capable of causing an infection?

A

A virus

52
Q

In addition to standard precautions, the nurse caring for patient with rubella would plan to implement what type of precautions?

A

Droplet precautions, rubella is an illness transmitted by large particle droplets and requires droplet precautions in addition to standard precautions

53
Q

Which organization initially developed the guidelines for minimum protection standards for infection prevention and control?

A

The CDC

54
Q

During which stage of infection is a person most infectious?

A

Prodromal

55
Q

True or false most state have a mandatory reporting of HAIs

A

False

56
Q

The practice of ____ includes all activities to prevent or break chain of infection

A

Asepsis

57
Q

When an organism becomes attached to dust particles is considered what?

A

Airborne route

58
Q

What period becomes the recovery period?

A

Convalescent

59
Q

Step one of the infection cycle is?

A

Infectious agents

60
Q

During which stage are microorganisms growing and multiplying ?

A

Incubation period

61
Q

Which of the following are common sources of nosocomial infections?

A

Pneumonia, bloodstream, urinary tract infections

62
Q

Which asepsis is considered contaminated if it bears pathogens?

A

Medical asepsis

63
Q

The greatest risk of seoconversion (development of antibodies in response to an infection) after a needlestick injury is

A 
A. Hepatitis B(Correct Answer) 
B. Hepatitis C 
C. HIV 
D. Hepatitis A 
E. None of the above
64
Q

Linzolid (Zyvox), administered orally or by IV, is effectively used to treat this species of resistant microorganisms (the nonresistant species is often found in normal intestinal and female genita tracts)

A

Possible correct answers:
VRE
vancomycin-resistant enterococcus
vancomycin resistant enterococcus

65
Q

The correct progression of an infection phases is:

A

A. Convalescent period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, incubation period
B. Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescent period
C. Prodromal stage, incubation stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period
D. Incubation period, prodromal stage, full stage of illness, convalescent period(Correct) E. Incubation period, full stage of illness, prodromal stage, convalescan period.

66
Q

Which type of precautions is used for a patient whose immune system is compromised (eg one recovering from transplant surgery or receiving chemotherapy)

A

neutropenic precautions

67
Q

Most sterile solutions are considered sterile for ____ hours after being opened.

A

24

68
Q

Which asepsis is considered contaminated if it is touched by any object that is not without pathogens, microorganisms, and spores.

A

Surgical asepsis

69
Q 
Wich types of mask rilter inspitred air in addition to filtering expired air?
A. N95
B. High-effficiency particulate air mask
C. HEPA mask
D. All of the above
A

D. All of the above

70
Q

The entry route is usually _____ as the exit route

A

The same

71
Q

Droplet transmission is similar to airborne transmission, but it is larger than ____um

A

5

72
Q

An infection is referred to as _____ when it results from a treatment or diagnostic procedure.

A

Iatrogenic

73
Q

Surgical masks filter only _________ air

A

Expired

74
Q

The second component of the infection cycle is?

A

Reservoir

75
Q

What is the sixth part of the infection cycle?

A

Susceptible host

76
Q

What is the fourth part of the infection cycle?

A

Transmission

77
Q

What is the correct sequence to take off PPE?

A 
Gloves
Goggles
Gown
Mask
Wash hands
78
Q

A patient develops positioning from potato salad. What is the means of transmission for the infecting organism

A

Vehicle

Nurs. 304 (6 decks)

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