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genetics > quiz 1 ch2&3 > Flashcards

quiz 1 ch2&3 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

pedigrees

A

way of tracing inheritance of traits in humans and some animals

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2
Q

what is standard notation used for in pedigrees

A

indicate males and females, their relationships, and those who show or don’t show a trait

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3
Q

open circle/square

A

do not express trait

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4
Q

closed circle/square

A

express trait

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5
Q

circle

A

female

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6
Q

square

A

male

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7
Q

line through middle

A

deceased

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8
Q

vertical lines

A

generation

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9
Q

horizontal lines

A

parents

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10
Q

double horizontal line

A

parents closely related by blood

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11
Q

dotted vertical line

A

adoption

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12
Q

triangle line with siblings and horizontal line across

A

identical siblings

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13
Q

triangle line with siblings and no horizontal line across

A

fraternal twins

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14
Q

roman numerals

A

generations

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15
Q

regular numbers

A

individuals in a generation

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16
Q

what type of inheritance impacts both males and females equally

A

autosomal dominant

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17
Q

what type of inheritance is less frequent and can skip generations

A

autosomal recessive

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18
Q

what gene is involved with round vs wrinkled

A

Sbe1

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19
Q

what does Sbe1 produce and what is its purpose

A

enzyme to convert an amylose into an amylopectin

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20
Q

what is amylopectin good at interacting with compared to amylose

A

water

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21
Q

round

A

dominant

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22
Q

wrinkled

A

recessive

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23
Q

why do peas with the recessive gene look wrinkled

A

they contain more amylose and little to no amylopectin, so they lose water when they mature and have a wrinkled shape

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24
Q

what gene is related to tall and short

A

LE

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25
what happens if growth hormone gibberellin is not present in the plant
there is a max height the plant can get to
26
what gene is involved with green and yellow seed color
SGR
27
what does a functional SGR gene produce and what is the function
enzyme that breaks down chlorophyll so the initial green seeds lose chlorophyll and turn yellow
28
what is the start color of peas
green and then if homozygous for mutation remain green instead of yellow
29
purple and white pigment dominant vs recessive
purple- dominant white-recessive
30
what gene is involved in pigmentation of flowers
BHLH
31
what happens if the pigment cannot be produced by BHLH
have white flowers
32
what are the two parts of the cell cycle
m phase- short time where cells divide interphase- longer period
33
what are the stages of interphase
G1 S phase
34
G1 (gap 1) of interphase
- gene expression - cell growth - cell division
35
S phase of interphase
- synthesis phase - DNA replication doubles DNA in each nucleus - two sister chromatids produced for each chromosome
36
G2 of interphase
- gap 2 - cells prepare for division
37
G0 of interphase
cells will rarely progress thru cycle in here
38
what are the substages of M phase
prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase
39
karyokinesis
splitting of DNA into daughter cell nuclei
40
cytokinesis
splitting of cytoplasmic contents into daughter cells
41
centromeres
DNA sequences where sister chromatids are joined together
42
what do centromeres bind
kinetochores (protein complexes)
43
what is the goal of mitosis
make 2 identical daughter cells
44
how can you tell the beginning of Mphase from interphase
chromosomes condensing
45
prophase (mitosis)
- chromatins condense into chromosomes - nuclear envelope starts to dissolve - mitotic spindle forms
46
prometaphase of mitosis
- nuclear envelope breaks down - centromeres of microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosome centromeres - chromosomes move toward middle of cell
47
metaphase of mitosis
- where sister chromatids lineup on the metaphase plate - centriole at spindle pole
48
anaphase of mitosis
- pull sister chromatids apart and move towards opposite poles - product is daughter chromosomes
49
telophase of mitosis
- chromosomes decondense - cell elongates and pushes poles apart - nuclear envelope begins to reassemble - cytokinesis
50
what is the purpose of the cohesion protein
keep sister chromatids together until ready to separate
51
what is the function of separase
separates the cohesion proteins
52
what is the separation of sister chromatids
chromosome disjunction
53
in anaphase B, what causes the cell to elongate in shape
polar microtubules extend in length
54
what is the goal of meiosis
get 4 nonidentical haploid cells
55
what are the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints
to make sure DNA is correct
56
meiosis 1
1. homologous chromosome pairing 2. crossing over between homologous chromosomes 3. separation of homologous chromosomes to reduce to haploid #
57
meiosis 2
sister chromatids separate to produce 4 haploid gametes
58
crossing over is
exchange between non sister chromatids
59
what are the stages of meiosis 1
prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1 telophase 1
60
what are the substages of prophase 1
- leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis
61
leptotene and zygotene
- chromosome condensation begins in leptotene - nuclear envelope disintegrates during zygotene
62
synapsis
complex is formed to hold chromosomes together
63
synaptonemal complex
protein bridge is formed between aligned homologous chromosomes
64
pachytene
chromosome condensation
65
tetrads
paired homologs
66
diplotene
chromosomes continue to condense and synaptonemal complex begins to dissolve
67
diakinesis
homologs align side by side (about to start metaphase)
68
metaphase 1
- crossing over completed - homologs align on opposite ends - kinetochore microtubules attach to both sister chromatids of one homolog
69
anaphase 1
- homologs separate and pulled to opposite poles - sister chromatids attached by cohesion
70
telophase 1 and cytokinesis
- nuclear membranes re form - cytoplasm divides to create two haploid cells
71
can x and y still pair in synapsis during prophase 1 in males
yes
72
how is synapsis of x and y possible
pseudoautosomal regions (PARS) (conserved regions to line up)
73
meiosis 2
-divides each haploid daughter cell into two haploid cells by separating sister chromatids
74
what does independent assortment allow for
genetic variation

genetics (5 decks)

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