Quiz 1 Chapter 1 and 2

Question 1

cultivation theory

Answer 1

television as a meaningful representation of interactions in everyday life

Question 2

agenda setting

Answer 2

emphasizing certain types of stories and excluding others has the effect of only showing viewers what the companies and reports see as valuable and will produce ratings

Question 3

social learning

Answer 3

characters and interactions viewed on TV serve as a model for who we should be and how we should interact with others

Question 4

sex

Answer 4

biological sex traits that we exhibit at birth

Question 5

sexuality

Answer 5

understanding at any given time during life of who we are as sexual beings. including sexual orientations (who we are emotionally, physically and spiritually attracted to) and how we understand ourselves in terms of our attractiveness, etc.

Question 6

gender

Answer 6

traits we exhibit that are social and culturally understood as masculine and feminine

Question 7

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 7

sigmund freud was the first to present a theory to explain psychosocial development
- explains both conscious and unconscious forces that shape personality, motivation and behaviour

Question 8

3 parts of personality

Answer 8

id: instinctual desires
ego: mediates between realities of the outside world and personal urges
superego: internalized standards

Question 9

psychodynamic theory

Answer 9

explains personality development as the result of successful (or unsuccessful) completion of specific stages during the first six years of life

Question 10

classical conditioning

Answer 10

ivan pavlov

pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus will, over time result in a conditioned response

Question 11

operant conditioning

Answer 11

BF skinner
individual gets frequent rewards until the individual provides the desired behaviours
positive/negative reinforcement

Question 12

social learning theory

Answer 12

Albert Bandura
learning occurs through modelling observed behaviours
3 stages: imitation, identification, self-efficacy

Question 13

social exchange theory

Answer 13

describes how people try to maximize rewards and minimize costs
4 components: balance of costs and rewards
equity/equality
comparison level
comparison level for alternatives

Question 14

social script theory

Answer 14

indicates that social interactions are made easy and predictable because we follow culturally predefined patterns of behaviour
- gain an understanding of how to do things based on what is socially and culturally acceptable

Question 15

scientific method

Answer 15

generate scientific theories

6 components: question, hypothesis, experiment, observation, analysis and conclusions

Question 16

social cognitive theory

Answer 16

environments influence the ways in which we think

Question 17

Richard Von Krafft-Ebing

Answer 17

19th century sex researcher
claimed that masturbation was the root of all sexual deviance
portrayed sexual behaviour as pathological
Book Psychopathia Sexualis

Question 18

Henry Havlock Ellis

Answer 18

studied sexual norms in various cultures
emphasized variation in sexuality and influence of culture and society
portrayed masturbation and same gender sex as non-pathologic
reported similarity in sexual desire and response among men and women

Question 19

Magnus Hirschfeld

Answer 19

regarded as first advocate for sexual minorities
founded scientific committee - focused on homosexual and transgender rights
“Justice through science”
nazi exile - work burned

Question 20

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 20

applied statistics to sex research instead of personal observation
kinsey institute in indiana University
“Sexual behaviour in human male” and “Sexual Behaviour in human female”
fostered new level of awareness about diversity of behaviour
scale of sexual orientation

Question 21

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Answer 21

focus on physiology of sexual response and treatment of sexual dysfunction
use of instruments to measure sexual response
“human sexual inadequacy” (sex therapy)
“Human Sexual Response”
what happens in the female and male body during intercourse

Question 22

Shere Hite

Answer 22

Hite report 1976 focused on female sexuality
anecdotal and statistical information from 3000 women
knowledge of female sexual behaviours
challenged many social norms related to female sexuality

Question 23

Primary Ethics Concerns

Answer 23

safety
informed consent
privacy and confidentiality
fairness and equity in research participation

Question 24

thermography

Answer 24

relatively new tool that can be used to measure sexual arousal in both men and women
uses changes in temperature to assess arousal in the genital region

Question 25

vaginal photoplethysmogram

Answer 25

measures changes in vaginal vasocongestion using a light source and a light detector, this tampon-shaped device illuminates the vaginal walls and measures blood flow

Question 26

laser doppler imaging

Answer 26

measures female sexual arousal | projects an IR light over the skin to detect moving blood cells

Question 27

penile strain gauge

Answer 27

measure sexual arousal in males | placed at the base of the penis and measures blood flow

Question 28

Beverly Whipple

Answer 28

uses MRI scans to see what was happening in the brain during female sexual responses studied female ejaculation and the role of the G spot

Question 29

mons pubis

Answer 29

fatty pad of tissue covering the junction where the right and left public bones meet at midline

Question 30

pubic hair

Answer 30

pheromonal signalling protection against friction of intercourse signals sexual maturity

Question 31

labia majora

Answer 31

nerve endings that are important for sexual arousal | protection for the sensitive clitoris and inner lips

Question 32

labia minora

Answer 32

inner lips important in sexual arousal vary widely in appearance some women have labiaplasty during arousal they swell and push out to prepare the vaginal canal serve as protection against infections and irritation

Question 33

clitoris

Answer 33

more nerve endings than the vagina most common way for women to achieve arousal and orgasm only organ designed specifically for pleasure

Question 34

vulvar vestibule

Answer 34

sensitive entranceway to the vaginal and urethral openings

Question 35

vestibulodynia

Answer 35

condition that makes the vaginal entrance so sensitive that any kind of penetration is painful

Question 36

hymen

Answer 36

thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening generally present at birth (some women born without one) can vary significantly

Question 37

vagina

Answer 37

canal that starts at the vaginal opening and extends up and tilts slightly backward toward the base of the spine at rest, the vagina measures about 7.5 to 12.5 cm into the body when aroused it swells by 5-7.5 cm

Question 38

Bartholin glands

Answer 38

``` small pair of glands that lie to the right and left of the vagina function is unknown, but may contribute to vaginal lubrication ```

Question 39

Skene's glands

Answer 39

pair of glands on the front wall of the vagina and their ducts empty into the urethra may be the female prostate and part of the G spot

Question 40

G spot

Answer 40

Grafenberg spot large area located on the front of the vaginal wall extremely pleasurable for some women and for others it's not arousing

Question 41

Ovaries

Answer 41

two ovaries at the ends of the fallopian tubes on each side of the uterus endocrine glands that produce both estrogen and progestins a women ovulates an egg alternately from one ovary and then the other analogous to the testes in males

Question 42

cervix

Answer 42

located at the top of the vagina secretes mucous through its glands Os is the opening at the centre of the cervix

Question 43

Uterus

Answer 43

innermost layer is the endometrium second layer is the myometrium (muscle) third layer is the perimetrium (smooth muscle)

Question 44

Cancer of the cervix

Answer 44

``` 3rd most common form of cancer in women Cause: most by HPV is curable pap test to test hysterectomy sometimes used as treatment ```

Question 45

Fallopian tubes

Answer 45

two oviducts or uterine tubes carry the ova from the ovaries to the uterus measure 10cm long, either side of uterus usually fertilization occurs in the infundibulum or part of the tube closest to ovary

Question 46

Penis

Answer 46

functions include sexual pleasure, urination and reproduction sections of the penis: roots, shaft and glans most sensitive area is the glans at the head of the penis smooth muscles make up the penis 3 spongy bodies: 2 corpus cavernosa and a corpus spongiosum

Question 47

corpus cavernosa

Answer 47

two cylinders covered with a fibrous sleeve that pulls tight when filled with blood and stiffens the penis

Question 48

corpus spongiosum

Answer 48

cylinder that remains soft and spongy during an erection

Question 49

Scrotum

Answer 49

made of two layers: outer layer of skin with a little hair and an inner layer of involuntary muscle called the dartos

Question 50

dartos

Answer 50

inner layer of involuntary muscle of the scrotum | makes the testes contract when cold

Question 51

Testes

Answer 51

male reproductive organs that secrete male sex hormones (androgens) and produce sperm spermatic cord suspends each testis in the scrotum and contains the vas deferens, blood vessels and nerves surrounded by a layer of muscle called the cremaster muscle that lifts the testicle as they contract

Question 52

seminiferous tubule

Answer 52

live inside the testes and produce and store sperm

Question 53

epididymis

Answer 53

covers part of each testicle | matures and stores sperm

Question 54

vas deferns

Answer 54

carries sperm to the prostate gland where they enter the urethra

Question 55

seminal vesicle

Answer 55

contribute up to 70% of ejaculate fluid

Question 56

prostate gland

Answer 56

secretes a thick, milky, alkaline fluid, resulting in a chemically safe environment to maintain sperm

Question 57

Cowper's glands

Answer 57

secrete a pre-cum that prepares the urethra for ejaculate

Question 58

semen

Answer 58

made up of fluid from seminal vesicles and the prostate gland

Question 59

pros of circumcision

Answer 59

decrease in UTIs decrease in some STIs such as HIV and genital warts decrease in adult penis cancer prevent or corrects phimosis

Question 60

cons of circumcision

Answer 60

procedure entails risks such as infection, hemorrhage, shock and penile mutilation heightened pain response to vaccinations

Question 61

cancer of the testes

Answer 61

disease of young men first sign- painless lump in the testes or slight enlargement or change in consistency of the testes, pain in lower abdomen or groin diagnosis - physical exam cause - unknown

Question 62

four stages of erection

Answer 62

flaccid phase filling phase tumescence phase rigid phase

Question 63

cremaster muscle

Answer 63

in the scrotum | can raise and lower the scrotum depending on temperature and sexual arousal

Question 64

tunica vaginalis

Answer 64

a closed sac that allows movement of the testes

Question 65

perennial raphe

Answer 65

divides the left and right compartments of the testes

Question 66

pampiniform plexus

Answer 66

network of veins from testis that surround testicular artery causing the blood to be cooler in the testes than the rest of the body

Question 67

sex

Answer 67

physical characteristics that are often used to define people as male or female (genitalia)

Question 68

gender expression

Answer 68

or just gender | all the characteristics, traits, apparel, mannerism and other things we understand as masculine, feminine or androgynous

Question 69

gender identity

Answer 69

ranges of experience of man, woman, trans or otherwise | range of identities on a spectrum

Question 70

sexual orientation

Answer 70

who we are emotionally, spiritually, physically sexually attracted to (gay, lesbian, bi, straight, queer)

Question 71

sexuality or sexual identity

Answer 71

aspects of our bodies and personalities that construct how we and other understand ourselves as sexual beings can include a wide range of factors including dress, personality, body image, variance in sexual interests

Question 72

three processes in gender development in childhood

Answer 72

detecting gender having gender doing gender

Question 73

social structural theory

Answer 73

gender differences form unequal power divisions | privilege and power embedded in a patriarchal society

Question 74

intersex

Answer 74

umbrella term used to describe people who have sex characteristics that are not exclusively male or female

Question 75

turner syndrome

Answer 75

only one X 1 in 2500 females short, under developed breasts, webbed neck, infertile estrogen patches for treatment

Question 76

klinefelter's syndrome

Answer 76

``` XXY 1 in 500-1000 males often undiagnosed until puberty breast development, small testes, shorter, low testosterone may not identify as male ```

Question 77

Sex hormone variations

Answer 77

congenital adrenal hyperplasia androgen insensitivity syndrome 5-alpha reductase deficiency

Question 78

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 78

high levels of androgens by adrenal glands cause varying degree of virilization in female genitals may be diagnosed at puberty

Question 79

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 79

XY karyotype but develop female phenotype mutations in the androgen receptor genes, prevent body from masculinizing CAIS have female genitals and identify as heterosexual female but male DNA passed through the mother or spontaneous have testes inside

Question 80

5-alpha reductase deficiency

Answer 80

clustered in regions such as dominican republic enzyme deficiency means female genitals at birth at puberty testosterone levels cause the testes to descend and masculinize the external genitals most assume a male identity male DNA lack of enzyme that produces dihydrotestosterone