Quiz 1 - Enlightenment, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, Ritzer

Question 1

Order the following theorists by time period: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant

Answer 1

1. Hobbes (late 1500s)
2. Locke (early 1600s)
3. Rousseau (early 1700s)
4. Kant (early 1700s)

Question 2

During what Period did the Enlightenment take place?

Answer 2

Throughout 1700s

Question 3

During what Period did the Industrial Revolution take place?

Answer 3

Mid 1700s to mid 1800s

Question 4

What were the 6 changes brought on by the Enlightenment?

Answer 4

1. Rise of Individualism
2. Rise of the Contract as a model for understanding relationships.
3. Decrease in Religion.
4. Rise of the Modern State.
5. Development of large-scale Markets/Capitalism/Modern Industry
6. European exploration of the World.

Question 5

In what 3 ways did the Enlightenment promote the Rise of Individualism?

Answer 5

1. People could read/understand the Bible themselves.
2. Statuses shifted from “ascribed” to “achieved.”
3. Increased migration to urban areas.

Question 6

How did the Rise of the Contract during the Enlightenment affect the role of Government in Europe?

Answer 6

Political arrangements became social contracts between the People and the Government.

Question 7

In what 2 ways did Religion in Europe decrease during the Enlightenment?

Answer 7

1. Government became less involved with the Church.

2. People became less fixated on the Afterlife as incentive for behaviour.

Question 8

In what 3 ways did the rise of the Modern State change European society during the Enlightenment?

Answer 8

1. State organizes society, not the Church.
2. Rise of bureaucracy.
3. Possibility for revolution (no divine sovereign).

Question 9

What were the 4 main changes caused by the Development of Largescale Markets during the Enlightenment?

Answer 9

1. Industrial Revolution
2. Pursuing material interests became normalized.
3. Increased Division of Labour.
4. World became “infinite resource” to Europe.

Question 10

What were the 3 main changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 10

1. Man became able to manipulate the Earth’s resources for max efficiency.
2. Larger populations.
3. Rise in Factories/Exploitative labour

Question 11

What does it mean to have increased Division of Labour

Answer 11

Each step of making a product is outsourced to a different person/skillset.

Question 12

What is a form of inequality cased by increased Division of Labour

Answer 12

Comparative Advantage: some skillsets within a line of production are more valuable than others.

Question 13

How does the comparative disadvantage of a low-skill job in the line of production lead to Worker Exploitation?

Answer 13

Easy skillsets = hire inexperienced workers = replaceable = compensated less.

Question 14

What were the 3 major effects of European Exploration of the World during the Enlightenment?

Answer 14

1. Trade.
2. War.
3. Colonalism

Question 15

How did Social Theorists enforce Colonialism during the Enlightenment?

Answer 15

Social theorists articulated view of Ethnic Minorities as inferior, which justified Colonial rule.

Question 16

According to Ritzer, what are the 4 necessary parts of a paradigm?

Answer 16

1. Exemplar.
2. Theories.
3. Methods.
4. Instruments.

Question 17

What are the 5 reasons to study Social Theory?

Answer 17

1. Enables predictions.
2. Explains “why” something happens.
3. Has empirical reference and is falsifiable.
4. Is generalized to the point of universality.
5. Is hierarchical, layers are extensive.

Question 18

According to Hobbes, what is “Man’s True Nature?”

Answer 18

Man strives towards power/domination by deliberating between appetites and aversion.

Question 19

According to Hobbes, how does man have “freedom”?

Answer 19

We have freedom to decide if we want to achieve our appetites.

Question 20

According to Hobbes, why does man seek power/domination?

Answer 20

It is necessary for survival/self-preservation.

Question 21

What is Hobbes’ Theory of Equality

Answer 21

Humans are all born equal because we are all born with the capacity to kill each other.

Question 22

According to Hobbes, what is the downside of Equality

Answer 22

If we are all equal, we cannot dominate each other. Since man seeks to dominate, and we are unable to, it leads to endless conflict.

Question 23

According to Hobbes, how does society mitigate the endless conflict that Equality causes?

Answer 23

the People agree that the sovereign is the proper source of the law, and they trust it to enforce peace.

Question 24

What is a major problem with Hobbes’ theory of the Sovereign?

Answer 24

Does not clearly specify who the People are, that decide to respect the Sovereign.

Question 25

What American-sounding Locke quote is most famous?

Answer 25

"Life, Liberty and Estate."

Question 26

According to Locke, what is the "Natural State" (Human Nature)?

Answer 26

All people are equal/independent with the right to defend our pursuits of desire.

Question 27

In what 4 ways does Locke's Natural State of humans concern Rules?

Answer 27

1. Rules give us the freedom to Act on our desires. 2. Government should be based in rule-by-majority (Democracy). 3. It is the People's responsibility to elect/overthrow leaders. 4. All are equal before the law (regardless of religious heirarchy).

Question 28

What did Locke mean by "Understanding men comes from Understanding God."

Answer 28

It is manking (not just Adam) who are the recipients of the Earth.

Question 29

What is Locke's Theory of Property?

Answer 29

You + what you create = your property.

Question 30

What are the 2 main changes brought on by Locke's Theory of Property

Answer 30

1. Emergence of "common" goods, as we can claim any good as our own using our labour. 2 Enables both collective and individual forms of ownershuip.

Question 31

What is a major problem with Locke's Theory of Property?

Answer 31

What about if multi people's labour went into different stages of producing a good? Whose property is it?

Question 32

What were the 4 primary areas of focus of Rousseau, that were believed to cause stability within society?

Answer 32

1. Traditions 2. Emotions. 3. Ritual. 4. Ceremony.

Question 33

What did Rousseau and Hobbes agree on, regarding Human Nature?

Answer 33

Humans are motivated by Self Preservation.

Question 34

In addition to Self-Preservation, what did Rousseau think Humans were motivated by?

Answer 34

Compassion/pity, as humans are essentially good.

Question 35

What is Rousseau's Theory of the Social Contract (1762)?

Answer 35

People obey rules/laws because they helped make them.

Question 36

In what way does Rousseau's Theory of the Social Contract resemble Locke?

Answer 36

Government is for the people, by the people. (both feel the government should represent the ideals of the People).

Question 37

Why did Rousseau feel that citizens would be motivated to participate in Social Contracts with the government?

Answer 37

It was a way of securing the Collective Good for Society.

Question 38

What two changes did Rousseau's Social Contract bring about?

Answer 38

1. Allow for the higher achievement of man. | 2. Allows for moral development without God as a motivator.

Question 39

What is the paradox of Rousseau's Social Contract?

Answer 39

An individual is forced to care about government + have freedom to make decisions. Forcing =/= free.

Question 40

What are the 2 problems with Rousseau's Collective Good?

Answer 40

1. Collective good is subjective, who gets to determine what it is? 2. Could lead to a totalitarian government.

Question 41

What is the difference in Rousseau and Locke's Government?

Answer 41

Locke emphasizes majority rule (democracy), whereas Rousseau emphasizes the Collective Good without specifying who gets to determine what this is.

Question 42

What was Rousseau's controversial view of science?

Answer 42

Believed science/progress leads to corruption.

Question 43

What is the most famous Kant quote about courage?

Answer 43

"Have the courage to use your own understanding."

Question 44

What science-driven "crisis" in Society did Kant try to answer?

Answer 44

Why should humanbs believe religion/political leaders when science has all the answers?

Question 45

What morality "crisis" in Society did Kant try to answer?

Answer 45

If science determines everything, man has no free will. If man has no free will, man has no morality (as no consequences for your actions).