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INFECTION CONTROL PRELIMS > QUIZ 1 - INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

QUIZ 1 - INTRODUCTION Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

It is the invasion and growth of harmful microorganisms.

A

Infection

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2
Q

Community of microorganisms that normally exists in a particular environment.

A

Microbiota/Microbiome

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3
Q

Agents that cause infections or organisms that can cause disease.

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

Types of Pathogens

A

Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Virus
Viroid
Prion

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5
Q

Non-living pathogens

A

Fungi

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6
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Epithelial Surface

A

Direct Contact

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7
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Respiratory

A

Inhalation/Droplets

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8
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Gastrointestinal

A

Ingestion

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9
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Genitourinary

A

Sexual Transmission

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10
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Hematologic

A

Systemic/Blood Pressure

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11
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Neurologic

A

CNS Spread

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12
Q

Port of Entry of Microorganisms:

Lymphatic

A

Lymph fluid spread

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13
Q

Two Infection Prevention

A
  1. Anatomical Barriers
  2. Physiologic Protection
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14
Q

What are the Anatomical Barriers?

A
  1. Intact Skin
  2. Mucous Membrane
  3. Ciliated Epithelial Lining
  4. Intact Endothelium
  5. Blood Brain Barrier
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15
Q

What are the Physiologic Protections?

A
  1. Sloughing of skin/mucus membrane
  2. Coughing/sneezing
  3. Vomiting/ increased intestinal motility
  4. Mucous/salivary and other enzymes and body fluid secretions
  5. Increase intestinal motility
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16
Q

Examples of Phagocytes

A

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages

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17
Q

The Central Signaling System

A

Inflammasomes

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18
Q

Other important players in infection control and prevention.

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Inflammasomes
  3. Complement Component
  4. C-reactive Protein
  5. Microbiome of the Host
  6. Circulating Antibodies
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19
Q

Immune Responses

A
  1. Adaptive Immunity
  2. Innate Immunity
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20
Q

Example of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Humoral/B Cell Immunity
  2. Cellular/T Cell Immunity
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21
Q

Which cells are involved in Innate Immunity?

A
  1. Granulocytes (Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil)
  2. Mast Cell
  3. Natural Killer Cell
  4. Complement Protein
  5. Dendritic Cell
  6. Macrophage
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22
Q

How to maintain the balance?

A

The host and the pathogens must be balance in the environment.

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23
Q

Factors that determine the severity of infection.

A
  1. Location of the Infection
  2. Population of the Pathogens
  3. Virulence of the Microorganisms
  4. Immune Response of the Host
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24
Q

The environment must be/have:

A
  1. Optimal
  2. Favorable
  3. Adequate Nutrients
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25
To prevent infection, the host must monitor their:
1. Nutritional Status 2. Health Condition 3. Immunocompetent/Immunosuppressed
26
Profile of Patients with Dental Infection
Developed Countries - Elderly Developing Countries - Teens and Adult Both - Immunocompromised - With chronic diseases - Pregnant - Malnourished
27
How to achieve optimum oral health?
1. Good education 2. Good oral health practices 3. Availability of oral health services 4. Accessibility to dental services 5. Sufficient fund for preventive oral health programs 6. Sustainable oral health care program
28
Human harbors a complex ecosystem of _____________ that has important role in health and disease.
Microbial flora (microbiome)
29
The normal human harbors more than __________ more microbial cells than human cells
10 Times
30
Most of the commensal organisms coexist with _________.
Human Host
31
They help prevent infectious diseases.
Microorganisms
32
TRUE OR FALSE: Pathogenic organisms exhibit wide range of virulence.
True
33
Produced disease in a high fraction of healthy individuals.
Highly Infectious
34
Other microbes are minimally pathogenic requiring __________________________.
Large Exposure and Concomitant Breaches of Host Defenses
35
Contributors to Dental Infection
1. Oral Health Providers - Poor sterilization of Instruments and galenicals - Inadequate dental/medical history taking - Lack of knowledge in the choice of antibiotics - Inadequate information/instruction to patients that may lead to patient poor compliance - Undetected patients medical co-morbidities 2. Patient - Inadequate oral health education - Poor oral hygiene practices - Insufficient to zero dental checkup - Non-accessibility to potable water - No accessibility to dental services
36
We used it in most activities we do everyday. Its movements are directed by our brain so it can it either protect us or harm us.
Hands
37
The rate of how communicable diseases can be transferred by touch.
80%
38
Example of Communicable Diseases that can be transferred by touch:
- food and water borne diseases - skin diseases - sore eyes (conjunctivitis) - respiratory diseases - blood borne diseases - brain and spinal cord infection
39
Dirty Things we touch daily:
- Sponges, Dirty Dishes, Tooth brush holder - Remote Control - Cutting board - Cell phone, IPOD - Grocery cart - Purse, Wallet - Door Knob - Refrigerator handle - Comfort Rooms, Toilets - Dental floss
40
Average number of times we touch our face daily:
2000-3000 times
41
Average number of times we touch or phones daily:
2617-5247 times
42
Number of persons that wash their hands more than 10 times per day.
- 62% women - 37% men
43
Number of persons that wash their hands less than 6 times per day.
- 41% women - 17% men
44
Number of persons that wash their hands after using the public toilet.
Adult - 83 % Teen girls - 58 percent Teen boys - 48 percent
45
Rate of washing hands after coughing/sneezing.
32%
46
Kids who wash their hands four times daily experience...
- 24% fewer sick days from colds and flu and similar illness - 51% fewer sick days due to stomach ailments
47
Ideal washing time
Washing the hands 6 times or more with clean water and soap for 20-30 seconds. Compared to hand washing, alcohol has 60% strength and sanitizer has less than 40% strength only.
48
Over washing may cause the skin to
Dry out and crack
49
Single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.
Hand Washing
50
A process by which all living microorganisms including viable spores are destroyed/removed from an article or medium.
Sterilization
51
A process of killing/reduction of most pathogenic/contaminating microorganisms but not viable spores.
Disinfection
52
Applying liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue
Antisepsis
53
Aim of Sterilization
To remove or destroy microorganisms from materials/surfaces that can cause infectious diseases.
54
These are capable of causing contamination and infection.
Microorganisms
55
These are constantly present in the external environment and the human body.
Microorganisms
56
Uses of Sterilization
1. To sterilize materials, instruments use in surgical and diagnostic procedures. 2. To sterilize media reagents used in microbiological laboratory. 3. To ensure safety of food and drug manufacturing from contamination.
57
Methods of Sterilization
1. Physical - Heat (Dry Heat, Moist Heat below 100°C, Moist Heat at 100°C, Moist Heat above 100°C) 2. Chemical - Ideal Antiseptics - Disinfectants (High level disinfectants, Intermediate level disinfectants, Low level disinfectants) 3. Gas - Vapor phase disinfectants 4. Radiation - Non-ionizing - Ionizing
58
Examples of Dry Heat Sterilization
Flame, Incineration, Hot Air Oven
59
Used in sterilizing glass slides, test tubes, and flasks at 250°C.
Bunsen Burner
60
Biomedical waste disposal at 870-1200°C
Incineration
61
Used in sterilizing glass wares, petri dishes, flasks, pipettes, test tubes at 150-180-350°C
Hot air oven
62
Sterilizing to prevent formation of non-spore forming pathogens.
Pasteurization
63
What are the non-spore forming pathogens?
Mycobacteria, Salmonella
64
Disinfection of serum, body, fluids, and vaccines
Water Bath
65
Sterilization at 100°C for 15 minutes
Boiling
66
A tough double wall chamber in which air is replaced with pure saturated steam under pressure 121°C at 15 lbs. for 15 min. For Surgical Instruments, Culture media, Autoclavable plastic containers, Plastic tubes and pipettes, Solutions and water, Biohazardous wastes, Glassware.
Autoclave
67
Factors that determine the Potency of disinfectants
- Concentration of the substance - Time of action - pH of the medium - Temperature - Nature of the organisms - Presence of organic matter
68
Examples of High Level Disinfectants
- Aldehyde - Hydrogen peroxide - Iodine - Chlorine compound - Paracetic acid (Endoscope, arthroscope)
69
Examples of Intermediate Level Disinfectants
- Alcohol 60-70% (ethyl, Isopropyl, methyl) - Phenol (cresol, chlorhexidine, cetrimide, hexachlorophene ) - Halogens (Chlorine and Iodine) - Metallic salts (silver, cupper, mercury)
70
Examples of Low Level Disinfectants
- Quaternary ammonium compound - Surface active agents (Anionic - Soap, detergents) (Cationic - Benzalkonium chloride)
71
Disinfectant that evaporates faster.
Isopropyl Alcohol
72
Alcohol that is toxic
Methyl Alcohol
73
Irritating Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol
74
Dental disinfectant that removes the dental pulp.
Cresol
75
It is 50% Cresol
Lysol
76
It is used in bacterial gum disease.
Chlorhexidine
77
Good for skin burn, scald, wounds.
Cetrimide
78
It is bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal.
Iodine
79
Ideal Antiseptic
1. Fast acting 2. Effective against all types of infectious agents without damaging human tissues 3. Easily penetrate materials to be disinfected 4. Easy to prepare and stable to exposure to environmental factors Inexpensive, available 5. No unpleasant odor
80
Vapor Phase Disinfectants
Formaldehyde Gas Ethylene Oxide Gas
81
Fumigation of heat sensitive anesthesia equipment, baby incubator, operation theaters, wards and laboratories. Used for sterilizing plastic and rubber articles, heart lung machine, sutures, dental equipment, clothing
Formaldehyde Gas
82
Non-ionizing Radiation
UV Radiation, Infrared
83
Ionizing Radiation
Gamma Rays and Cosmic Rays
84
For enclosed area like bacteriological lab., inoculation hoods, operation theaters. Most bacteria are susceptible but spores are highly resistant.
UV Radiation
85
Rapid mass sterilization of syringes and catheters.
Infrared
86
Highly lethal. For sterilization of disposable items like plastic syringes, swabs, culture plates, cannulas, catheters.
Gamma Rays and Cosmic Rays
87
Element used in cold sterilization
Cobalt 60
88
Mechanical Barrier of the Skin
Intact keratinized epidermis
89
The skin produces...
1. Anti-microbial fatty acids 2. Defensins - small cysteine-rich cationic proteins (18-45 amino acid chains) (toxic to the bacteria)
90
It can cause superficial infections of intact stratum corneum, hair and nails.
Dermatophytes
91
Most skin infections are initiated by
Mechanical injury of the epidermis
92
TRUE OR FALSE: Schistosoma larvae enzymes cause its penetration in an intact skin.
True
93
Infections in the skin or penetrates into the skin
Pricks, abrasions, burns, laceration, cuts, ulcers, animal bites, insect bites, Schistosoma larvae enzymes, leptospirosis, hookworm
94
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Ingestion of contaminate food and drinks
95
Protection against Gastrointestinal Tract Infection
1. Acidic gastric secretion 2. Bile detergents 3. Defensins 4. IgA antibody produced in the mucosal lymphoid tissue such as Peyer's patches 5. Peristalsis 6. Normal Gut Flora
96
Respiratory Tract Infection Protection
1. Mucociliary clearance in conducting airways, reduction of surface tension in the alveoli, and maintenance of near sterility - innate host-defense system.
97
TRUE OR FALSE: The average person who is moderately active during the daytime breathes about 20,000 liters (more than 5,000 gallons) of air every 24 hours.
True
98
The air we breathe contains potentially harmful particles and gases such as...
Dust Soot Mold Fungi Bacteria Viruses deposit on airway and alveolar surfaces
99
INFO ONLY: Only extremely small particles, less than 3 to 5 microns in diameter, penetrate to the deep lung.
Bacteria - 1-2um Fungi - 2-3.5um Virus - 0.4um
100
These seek out deposited particles, bind to them, ingest them, kill any that are living, and digest them.
Alveolar Macrophages
101
They can be recruited to help ingest and kill pathogens.
Neutrophils
102
Damages respiratory epithelium is caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus
103
The bacteria release toxins
Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis
104
This bacteria is resistant to killing following phagocytosis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
105
Regular bladder emptying during micturition.
Sterile Urine
106
It is the distance between the skin and bladder.
Urogenital Tract
107
Infections in the Urogenital Tract
Obstruction of urinary flow, reflux of urine
108
From puberty to menopause, the vagina is protected by
Lactobacilli (Ferment glucose to lactic acid)
109
These kill the lactobacilli in the vagina which allows the overgrowth of yeast (candidiasis).
Antibiotics
110
Overgrowth of yeast in the vagina.
Candidiasis
111
INFO ONLY: Diseases caused by microbes involves interplay between microbial virulence factors and host responses. Infectious agents cause death or dysfunction by directly interacting with the cell.
112
Injury may be due to local and systemic release of microbial products, including endotoxin (LPS) exotoxins or superantigens.
Cell Injury
113
They can induce immune responses that cause tissue damage. Absence of immune response may reduce damage induce by some infection.
Pathogens
114
INFO ONLY: Conversely immune compromise can allow uncontrolled expansion of opportunistic agents of microorganisms that can directly cause injury.

INFECTION CONTROL PRELIMS (1 decks)

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