Quiz 1: Lecture 1-3 Flashcards by Owen Sullivan

What structure is located immediately posterior to the vertebral body in a typical vertebrae?

1.) Lamina

2.) Pedicle

3.) Transverse process

4.) Superior articular process

5.) Inferior articular process

Pedicle

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Which structure passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?

1.) Spinal Cord

2.) Spinal Nerve

3.) Vertebral Artery

4.) Subclavian Artery

5.) Intertransverse Ligament

Vertebral Artery

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All of the following are plane joints except…?

1.) Costovertebral

2.) Costotransverse

3.) Interchondral

4.) Costochondral

Costochondral

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The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the…?

1.) Thoracic aorta

2.) Internal thoracic artery

3.) Subclavian artery

4.) Spinal artery

Internal thoracic artery

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Flexion/Extension move in the sagittal plane around a _______/________ axis

Medial/Lateral

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Abduction/Adduction moves in the frontal plane around a ___________/_________ axis

Anterior/Posterior

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Internal/External rotation moves in the transverse plane around a _______________ axis

Longitudinal

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Circumduction is a combination of

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

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Place joint types in order of most motion to least motion

-fibrous
-synovial
-Cartilaginous

Synovial (ex: shoulder), Cartilaginous (ex: ribs), Fibrous (fused bones of the pelvis)

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What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

Act as a joint lubricant, nourish cartilage

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List the 6 types of synovial joints

Plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

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The elbow, ankle, and knee are examples of what type of joint?

Hinge joint

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List an example of a pivot joint

Atlas rotating on the dens (part of bone that sticks up on the axis

Atlas: C1
Axis: C2

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What are condyloid joints?

A joint that allows movement around two axes (abduction/adduction and flexion/extension)

Ex: wrist joint

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Ribs 8-10 are _________ ribs, ribs 11-12 are ____________ ribs, ribs 1-7 are _________ ribs

False, floating, true

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What does the typical thoracic vertebrae look like?

12 total
Heart shaped body
medium sized body

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Differentiate between external and internal intercostal muscle fiber orientation

External: superior/lateral to inferior/medial (like putting your hands into pockets) (MOVES RIBS SUPERIORLY WHILE INHALING)

Internal: superior/medial to inferior/lateral (MOVES RIBS INFERIORLY WHILE EXHALING)

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Which nerve(s) innervate the intercostal muscles?

Intercostal nerves

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Which muscle is attached to the posterior portion of the rib cage and what is its function?

Transversus thoracis, depress ribs

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What are the names of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries?

Anterior: internal thoracic artery, musculophrenic

Posterior: thoracic aorta

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Where is the linea alba?

Midline of abdomen (thin strand of connective tissue that bisects right and left parts of abdomen)

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What does the external oblique do, and where does it insert?

Contralateral rotation
Ipsilateral side bend
trunk flexion
linea alba and lateral lip of iliac crest

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What does the internal oblique do and where does it insert?

Ipsilateral rotation
Ipsilateral side bend
Trunk flexion
Inserts in the Linea alba, pubic crest, lower 3-4 ribs

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When refering to the transverse abdominis (TA), what does the muscle fiber orientation look like and where does it originate/insert?

Transverse muscle fibers

Originates: lower 6 ribs
Inserts: linea alba, pubic crest

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How many vertebrae are in the spine? What does the distribution look like?

33 total - 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral (fused together in adults) - 4 coccygeal (fused together in adults)

What is the main opening between a typical vertebrae called?

Vertebral foramen (Note: foramen means “a small opening”)

Describe the lamina

The connection between the spinous processes and transverse processes (posterior to body, and resembles the pedicle in terms of shape and function)

What is another word for “joint”

Articulation

What main structure runs through the vertebral foramen (main opening between vertebrae)?

Spinal cord

In which direction do the spinous processes face?

Posterior and inferior

What are processes (transverse and spinous) used for?

Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

How are vertebrae connected?

Superior articular facet and inferior articular facet

Where is the intervertebral foramen located?

Between every two stacked vertbrae (can be viewed best when looking from a lateral perspective)

What is the first cervical vertebrae (C1) called?

Atlas

What is the second cervical vertebrae (C2) called?

Axis

What passes through the transverse foramen?

Vertebral artery (branches off of the subclavian artery) Note: subclavian artery is bilateral and goes up and out to the clavicles from the heart, then curves down into each arm

Describe the lumbar vertebrae

Large, kidney-shaped body with short spinous process

What are dense bands that run from C2 to the sacrum via the anterior and posterior surface of the spine?

- Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) - Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) (Anterior: From C1 to skull is called anterior Atlanta-occipital membrane) (Posterior: From C1 to skull is called tectorial membrane)

What ligament runs from C7 to sacrum and connects to the spinous processes?

Supraspinous ligament

The supraspinous ligament turns into the __________ _______________ once it reaches the cervical vertebrae and attaches to the occiput

Nuchal ligament

What fills the void between two vertebrae?

Intervertebral discs

What are the two components of the intervertebral discs?

Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

Describe the nucleus pulposus

- 80 to 90% water - makes up the center of the discs

Describe the annulus fibrosus

- Makes up the “outer rings” of vertebral disc - primarily made of collagen

Describe a disc protrusion

- very common - also referred to as a “bulging disc” - causes the inner contents of the disc (nucleus pulposus) to push out

Why do herniations most often happen posterior-laterally?

The posterior longitudinal ligament prevents it from going directly posterior - the nucleus annulus is slightly posterior in relation to the vertebral body - annulus fibrosus is weaker, and more thin in the posterior portion of the disc

What is a laminectomy?

- a surgical procedure that consists of cutting both the lamina in the vertebrae, which posteriorly exposes the spinal cord - may be done due to pressure on the spinal nerves, or a disc injury

What are zygapophyseal joints?

Zygapophyseal joints, also referred to as facet joints, are synovial joints that connect the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

What does the word “cruciate” mean in regards to anatomy?

“Cross”

What is spondylolysis?

Spondylolisis refers to a fracture of the pars interarticularis

What is spondylolisthesis?

Spondylolisthesis refers to the anterior vertebral shift (typically L5) (Most of the time due to the fracture of the pars interarticularis)

What is the bottom point of the sacrum called?

Apex

If a muscle has oblique fiber orientation, what can it do?

Rotate

If a muscle has oblique fiber orientation, what can it do?

Rotate

Explain superficial back muscles and list the nerve that innervates it

- They attach to the clavicle/humerus/scap - Innervated by peripheral nerves and the ventral rami

The intermediate back muscles are innervated by what nerve(s)?

Intercostal nerves

Which nerve innervates the deep back muscles?

Posterior/dorsal rami

Where does the splenius capitis originate and insert?

Originates: Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T4 Inserts: Mastoid process

Where does the splenius cervicis originate and insert?

Originates: spinous processes of T3 to T6 Inserts: Transverse process of C1 to C3

Where does the iliocostalis originate and insert?

Originates: iliac crest and lumbar fascia Inserts: Transverse processes of C4 to C6

Where does the longissimus muscle originate and insert?

Originates: Iliac crest and lumbar fascia Inserts: Cervical transverse processes, mastoid

Where does the spinalis originate and insert?

Originates: Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic Inserts: Spinous processes of upper thoracic and lower cervical

Where is the rectus capitis posterior major?

Runs from C2 to occiput (medial diagonal part of the sub occipital triangle)

Where is the rectus capitis posterior minor?

Superior and medial to rectus capitis posterior major

Where is the obliquus capitis superior located?

Runs from the lateral end of obliquus capitis to occiput (makes up lateral part of sub occipital triangle)

Where is the obliquus capitis inferior located?

Runs perpendicular to the spine (makes the bottom part of the triangle)

❗️❗️Superficial back muscles are innervated by which nerve? ❗️❗️

Ventral rami

❗️❗️Intermediate back muscles are innervated by which nerve?❗️❗️

Intercostal nerves

❗️❗️Deep back muscles are innervated by which nerve?❗️❗️

Dorsal Rami

What nerve innervates the sub-occipital triangle?

Sub-occipital nerve

What is the function of external obliques and where does it originate and insert?

Contralateral rotation, ipsilateral side bend, trunk flexion. Innervated by the ventral rami Originates: ribs 5 through 12 Inserts: linea alba and lateral lip of iliac crest

Which 3 muscles make up the erector spinae?

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Where does the anterior scalene originate and insert? What is its function?

Originate: anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3 to C6 Inserts: inner border of the first rib via a narrow, flat tendon Function: ipsilateral side bend, neck flexion if worked bilaterally

Where does the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) originate and insert? What is its function?

The answer is basically in the name Originates: mastoid process Inserts: clavicle and sternum Function: lateral flexion (side bend), flexion, contralateral rotation

Ligamentum flavum is located where?

Lines the posterior part of vertebral foramen

Which spinal ligament limits trunk flexion?

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Which spinal ligament prevents extension?

Anterior longitudinal ligament

What is a herniated disc?

When the disc leaks the nucleus pulposus