Quiz 1 midterms Flashcards by Ssherwyn Lavarias

basic unit of kidneys

Nephrons

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main filtering

Glomerulus

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Shield of negativity

Fenestrated membrane

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Parts of the glomerulus that filters

Codocytes, and fenestrated membrane

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Major site of reabsorption

Proximal convoluted tubule

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where urine concentration
begins/starts

Loop of Henle

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ADH acts on;
final urine concentration starts

Distal convoluted tubule

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final urine concentration

Collecting duct

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produces ADH

Adrenal cortex

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produces renin

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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Normal Body Mechanism (BH, ADH, UV, UC)

I body hydration = D ADH = I urine volume = D urine concentration

D body hydration = I ADH = D urine volume = I urine concentration

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Diabetes insipidus mechanism (BH, ADH, UV, UC)

D body hydration = D ADH = I urine volume = D urine concentration

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Average daily output of urine

1200mL/day

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Normal renal plasma flow

600-700mL/minute

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types of urine in Routine Urinalysis

-random urine
-first-morning urine
-mid-stream clean catch urine

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type of urine for Bacterial Culture

catheterized
-suprapubic - most sterile
-mid-stream clean catch

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Bottle/Container characteristic and size

-clear
-wide-mouth
-leak-proof

Capacity:50mL

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In Unpreserved Urine, what will be increased?

pH: (unpreserved:9)
-bacteria
-odor
-nitrite

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For microscopic what ml of urine?

12 ml

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Nitrite will be increase because of?

Bacteria

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In Unpreserved Urine, what will be decrease?

-bilirubin
-urobilinogen
-cast
-clarity
-cells
-ketones
-glucose

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photooxidation into biliverdin

bilirubin

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photooxidation into urobilin

urobilinogen

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disintegrate in alkaline urine

cast

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bacteria multiplication

clarity

Three parts of routine urinalysis in Physical

Odor, color, and clarity

odor of phenylketonuria

mousy

odor of isovaleric acidemia

sweaty feet

odor of diabetes

fruity

No visible particulates, transparent

Clear

Few particulates, newsprint easily seen through urine

Hazy

Many particulates, newsprint is blurred through urine

Cloudy

Newsprint cannot be seen

Turbid

Specific gravity of urine

1.003-1.035

May precipitate or clot

Milky

to protect the chemicals from the sunlight, tightly sealed, every after use covers it, prevent run over of analytes of reagent strip

Amber color

Give me the seconds, NV of LE

120 seconds; NV:0-5/HPF

It is a component of the reagent strip that is 60 seconds and aid in diagnosis of liver diseases and hemolytic disorders; Give me also the NV

Urobilinogen, NV: <1 mg/dL

It is a component of the reagent strip that is 60 seconds and do not usually appear in the urine; increased nitrite is related with (?)

Nitrite, UTI

It is a component of the reagent strip that is 60 seconds and causes pre-renal, renal (orthostatic proteinuria), post-renal; Give me also the NV

Protein,NV: <10 mg/dL

clinical proteinuria has value in protein?

>30 mg/dL

pH morning urinerange and Normal urine range

pH of 5-6; pH of 4.5-8

Blood has what seconds and NV?

60, 0-4/HPF

hematuria color

cloudy urine

myoglobinuria

clear red urine

most common cause of myoglobin

rhabdomyolysis

What is the second of SG and what will be color if increase and decrease?

45 seconds; increased SG (darker) and decreased SG (lighter)

measurable amount of ketones do not appear in urine but it shows deficiency in insulin; highly correlated with glucose

Ketones, 40 seconds

conjugated bilirubin; detect post hepatic (bile duct obstruction) or hepatic (liver damage) jaundice; How many seconds

Bilirubin, 30 seconds

urine contains only small amount of glucose; increased in DM; How many seconds

Glucose, 30 sec

LPF

Casts, crystals, epithelial cells, etc

HPF

WBCs, RBCs, bacteria, etc

May indicate the presence of certain sediments

Color

Pathologic or non-pathologic causes of turbidity

Clarity

RBCs, RBC Cast

Blood

Casts, cells

Protein

Bacteria, WBCs

Nitrite

WBCs, WBC Casts, bacteria

Yeast

Glucose

Specimen Preparation and Examination, decant the urin to remains?

(0.5-1 mL remains)

Specimen Preparation and Examination, how much mL of urin needed?

10 to 15 mL

Transfer (?) uL to glass slide with (?)

20ul, 22 x 22 mm coverslip

Quantitative measure of formed elements using a hemocytometer

Addis Count

What specimen used in Addis count?

12 hour urine

What preservative used in Addis count?

NaF (Sodium fluoride)

Normal Values of RBC

0 - 500,000

Normal Values of WBCs & ECs

0 - 1,800,000

Normal Values of Hyaline Casts

0 - 5,000

Sternheimer-Malbin is made up of?

(CV + Safranin O)

Enhances nuclear detail

0.5% Toluidine Blue

Delineates structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm

SternheimerMalbin

Lyses RBCs and enhances nucleus of WBCs

2% Acetic acid

Stains TAG and neutral fats and what will be the color?

Lipid stains, orange red

Lipid stain is composed of?

(ORO and Sudan III)

Differentiates Gram (-) to Gram (+) bacteria

Stains eosinophilic granules

Hansel Stain

Stains sediments containing iron

Prussian Blue

Hansel Stain is composed of?

(Eosin Y + Methylene blue)

Function of SternheimerMalbin

WBCs, ECs, and casts

Function of 0.5% Toluidine Blue

Differentiates WBCs and RTE cells

Function of 2% Acetic acid

Distinguishes RBCs from WBCs, yeasts, oil droplets and crystals

Function of Lipid stains

Identifies free fat droplets and lipidcontaining cells & casts

Function of GS

Bacterial casts

Function of Hansel Stain

Urinary eosinophils

Function of Prussian Blue

Identifies hemosiderin granules in casts and cells

Used for routine urinalysis

Bright-Field Microscopy

Visualization of elements with low refractive indices (hyaline, mixed cellular cast, MT, Trichomonas)

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

Identification of cholesterol molecules in OFB, fatty casts and crystals

Polarizing Microscopy

For fluorescent microorganisms or those stained with a fluorescent dye

Fluorescence Microscopy

Identification of Treponema spp

Dark-Field Microscopy

3-D microscopy image and layer-by-layer imaging of a specimen

Interference-Contrast Microscopy

Microscope for the differential?

Nomarski

Microscope for the Modulation?

Hoffmann

What is per HPF

Crystals (normal) Bacteria RBCs WBCs OFB Abnormal crystals and casts

What is per LPF

Epithelial Cell Mucus Thread Casts SEC Abnormal crystal and cast

What is per 10 HPF

RTE cells

What component if for the color of urine?

Urochrome

Centrifuge at (?) RCF for (?) mins

400 RCF, 5 min

400 RCF is what in RPM?

1200-1500 RPM

Examine how many LPF and HPF

10 LPF, and 10 HPF

Quiz 1 midterms Flashcards

(100 cards)